THERE ARE 4 TYPES OF

BONDS
-METALLIC
-IONIC
-COVALENT MOLECULAR
-COVALENT NETWORK

METALLIC BONDING
METALLIC BONDING IS THE ATTRACTION

BETWEEN POSITIVE METAL IONS AND

THE SEA OF DELOCALISED ELECTRONS
Positive
metal ions

Delocalised
electrons

Animation:
http://www.drkstreet.com/resources/m
etallic-bonding-animation.swf

PROPERTIES OF METALS
PROPERTY

EXPLANATION

High MP and BP

Strong force of attraction between positive

metal ions and delocalised electrons. Takes a
lot of energy to separate, therefore high MP
and BP.

Hard and usually

dense

Strong force of attraction between metal ions

and delocalised e- makes hard. Atoms tightly
packed makes dense.

Good conductor of
heat

Atoms tightly packed. Heat is passed on by

direct contact easily

Good conductor of
electricity (in all
states)

Delocalised electrons are able to carry the

charge

Malleable (beaten Bonding is non directional. Metallic bonding

into sheets) and
is able to be distorted without disrupting the
ductile (drawn into metallic bonding
wires)

IONIC BONDING
IONIC BONDING IS THE ATTRACTION

BETWEEN OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS

arranged in a regular 3D lattice

PROPERTIES OF IONIC
PROPERTY
EXPLANATION
SUBSTANCES
High MP and BP

Strong force of attraction between positive

and negative ions means a lot of energy is
needed to separate the ions, therefore high
MP and BP.

Hard and brittle

Hard as strong force of attraction exists

between oppositely charged ions.
Brittle (shatters when hit) as Positive and
negative ions are arranged in a regular 3D
lattice. Distortion causes repulsion between
similarly charged ions.

+- +- +- +
+- +- +- +

+
+apply a force
- +- +
causes
+- +repulsion
- +- +
between

PROPERTIES OF IONIC
SUBSTANCES
cont.
PROPERTY
EXPLANATION
Non conductor of
electricity in solid
state

Ions are held in fixed positions. There are no

mobile charged species free to carry the
charge.

Good conductor of
electricity in
molten (melted)
and aqueous
(dissolved in
water) states

Ions are now free to move and carry the

charge

COVALENT MOLECULAR
Weak FORCE OF ATTRACTION

BETWEEN DISCRETE (individual)

MOLECULES
CONTAINS NON METALS ONLY

PROPERTIES OF COVALENT
PROPERTY
EXPLANATION
MOLEC
Low MP and BP
Weak force of attraction is between
(often gas at RT)

molecules. Therefore not much energy is

needed to separate them and hence low MP
and BP

Soft solids

Weak force of attraction between molecules.

Force or pressure can push the molecules to
the side

Non conductor of
electricity in ALL
states

All electrons are localised (in inner shells or

covalent bond). There arent any electrons
or other charged particles free to carry the
charge.

COVALENT NETWORK
Strong covalent bonding extends

throughout the entire lattice

C, Si, SiC and SiO2

PROPERTIES OF COVALENT
PROPERTY
EXPLANATION
NETWORK
Very high MP and
BP

Strong covalent bonding extends throughout

entire lattice. Therefore A LOT of energy is
needed to separate the atoms and hence
high MP and BP.

Hard
(except graphite
which is slippery)

Strong covalent bonding holds atoms in

place making it hard (graphite is slippery due
to its layers)

Non conductor of
electricity in ALL
states
(except graphite)

All electrons are localised in covalent bonds.

There arent any electrons or other charged
particles free to carry the charge.
Graphite has layers and free e- to carry the
charge in one plane