ARTHROLOGY

Biomedic I
Muh. Iqbal Basri
Department of Anatomy
Hasanuddin University

Reference

Agur, Anne M.R, Dalley, Arthur F.Grant's

Atlas of Anatomy, 12th Edition.
Grays Anatomy for student
Atlas of Spatelholz

Articulations of Bones of
Trunk
The vertebral column
consists of 24 vertebrae,
the sacrum, and the
coccyx.

Joints of the vertebral bodies

Intervertebral discs

between bodies of adjacent

vertebrae, composed of:
Nucleus pulposus, an inner
soft, pulpy, highly elastic
structure (gelatinous core )
Annulus fibrosus
an outer fibrous ring
consisting of fibrocartilage

Hemination of nucleus
pulposus

Anterior longitudinal
ligament

Strong band covering the anterior part of the

vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
running from the anterior margin of foramen
magnum to the S1~S2
Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc
and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral
column

Posterior longitudinal
ligament

Attached to the posterior aspect of the

intervertebral discs and posterior edges of
the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to
sacrum
Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral
column and posterior protrusion of the discs

Joints of the vertebral arches

Ligamenta flava elastic

ligament, unite laminae of
adjacent vertebrae, and complete
the posterior wall of vertebral
canal; tend to prevent
hyperflexion of the vertebral
column
Interspinal ligament
Supraspinal ligament
Ligamentum nuchae
Intertansverse ligament
Zygapophysial joint

Atlantooccipital joint

Between superior
articulating surfaces of
atlas and occipital
condyles
Supported by
membrances and
ligaments that join
occipital bone and atlas
Action nodding of
head, lateral tilting of
head

Atlantoaxial joint

Three synovial joints

between atlas and axis

Supported by ligaments

Laterally, paired joints

between articulating facets
Median joint between dens
of axis and anterior arch of
atlas
apical ligament of dens
alar ligament
transverse ligament of atlas
tectorial membrane

Action allow atlas (and

head) to pivot on the axis
and vertebral column

Normal Curves of
vertebral column

Cervical curvature
convex forward
Thoracic curvature
convex backward
Lumbar curvature
convex forward
Sacral curvature
convex backward

Movement of the
vertebral column

flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation

Spina bifida cystica

Joints of skull

Continuous joints:
sutures, synchondrosis
or synosteosis

Temporomandibular joint

Aticulating surfaces

Mandibular fossa and articular

tubercle, above
Head of mandibule, below

Capsule: thin and lax in front and

behind; strengthened by the
lateral ligament
Articular disc: separates
surfaces, forming upper and
lower compartments within joint
Movement: mandible may be
elevated or depressed,
protruded or retracted; rotation
may also occurs as in
chewing( a slight amount of side
to side movement is also
permitted)

Joints of limbs

Muh.Iqbal Basri
Department of Anatomy
Hasanuddin University

Joints of upper limb

Joints of should girdle

Sternoclavicular joint

Bones: sternal end of clavicle,

clavicular notch of sternum, and
first costal cartilage
Articular capsule: strong and is
reinforced by anterior and posterior
sternoclavicular ligaments
An articular disc is attached to the
capsule, dividing the joint into two
cavities.
Movements: elevation and
depression, forward and backward,
rotation and circumduction of the
acromial end of the clavicle

Acromioclavicular joint

Bones: acromion and

acromial end of clavicle
Movement: rotation of
scapula on clavicle

Coracoacromial arch
formed by coracoacromial
ligament, coranoid process,
and acromion, that prevents the
shoulder joint
from superior dislocation

acromion

coracoacromial
ligament
coranoid process

Joints of free upper limb

Articulatio humeri

(ball and socket)

Bones: head of humerus and
glenoid cavity of scapula
Capsule:

Thin and lax, especially lower

part
Attachments: proximal to glenoid
labrum; distal to anatomical neck
of humerus, except medially
where it is slightly distal to
surgical neck
Tendon of long head of biceps
brachii passes though the cavity

Accessory structures

Glenoid labrum:
fibrocartilaginous ring on
periphery of glenoid
cavity
Coracohumeral ligament
runs from coracoid
process to greater
tubercle

Movements: flexion,
extension, adduction,
abduction, medial and
lateral rotation,
circumduction

 Articulatio cubiti

Bones: lower end of humerus, upper

ends of radius and ulna

Humeroulnar joint :
formed by trochlear of humerus and
troclear noch (hinge)
Humeroradial joint:
formed by capitulum of humerus and
head of radius (ball and socket)
Proximal radioulnar joint: formed by
articular circumference of radius and
radial notch of ulna

Capsule: thin and lax anteriorly and

posteriorly, strongly thickened on either
side by collateral ligaments

Ligaments:

Radial collateral ligament: attached to

lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of
radius
Ulnar collateral ligament: attached to
medial epicondyle to medial border of
trochlear notch
Annular ligament of radius: attached to
anterior and posterior margins of radial
notch of ulna, surrounds the head of
radius

Movements: flexion and extension,

pronation and supination

Dislocation

Joints between radius and ulna

Proximal radioulnar joint

Distal radioulnar joint: formed by head
of ulna, ulnar notch of radius and an
articular disc
Interosseous membrane of forearm
: a fibrous membrane between the shaft
of radius and ulna

Joints of hand
Radiocarpal joint (ellipsoid)

Bones

Carpal articular surface of radius

and articular disc below the ulna
Proximal row of carpal: scaphoid,
lunate, and triquetral bones, but
not pisiform

Capsule: lax and strengthened by

surrounding ligament
Movements: flexion, extension,
adduction, abduction, and
circumduction

Intercarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joints:
Carpometacarpal joint
of thumb

Bones: trapezium and

base of first metacarpal
Movement: flexion,
extension, adduction,
abduction, and
opposition

Intermetacarpal joints
Metacarpophalangeal
joints
Interphalangeal joints

Joints of Lower limb

Joints of pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint
Bones: auricular surface of sacrum and ilium
Capsule: very tight and strengthened by ligaments

Vertebropelvic ligaments
Iliolumbal ligament: runs from
transverse process of L5 to the
posterosuperior part of iliac
crest
Sacrotuberous ligament: runs
from lateral margins of sacrum
and coccyx to the inner margin
of ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous ligament: runs
from ischial spine to lateral
margins of sacrum and coccyx
These two ligaments convert
the sciatic notches the greater
and lesser sciatic foramina

Pubic symphysis

Articulation: symphysial
surface and interpubic
disc (fibrocartilage)
Ligaments: superior
pubic ligament and
arcuate pubic ligament

Obturator membrane
obturator canal

Bony pelvis
Composition: formed by paired hip
bones, sacrum, coccyx, and their
articulations
In anatomical position, anterior
superior iliac spines and pubic
tubercles on same vertical plane,
while the tip of coccyx and superior
border of pubic symphysis on same
horizontal plane
Terminal line: formed by promontory
of sacrum, arcuate line, pectin of
pubis, pubic tubercle, upper border of
pubic symphysis
Two portions: a greater pelvis and a
lesser pelvis

Lesser pelvis
pelvic inlet
(terminal line):
Pelvic outlet : formed
by tip of coccyx,
sacrotuberous
ligament, ischial
tuberosity, ramus of
ischium, inferior ramus
of pubic, symphysis
Pelvic cavity
Pubic arch, subpubic
angle

Main difference between male and

femal pelvis

Main difference between male and

femal pelvis
Male
Female

Pelvic inlet

Pelvic outet

Pelvic cavity

Pubic arch

90~1000

70~750

Main difference between male and

femal pelvis
Male
Female
Overall

Narrow and long

Wide and short

Iliac ala

More vertical

More horizontal

Inlet

Oval or heart shaped

Round

Subpubic
angle

Acute angle (about

70~750)

Right angle (about

90~1000)

Pelvic cavity

Deep narrow

Shallower, wide

Outlet

Small

Larger

Joints of free lower limb

Articulatio coxae

Bones: acetabulum and

femoral head
Articular capsule attachments

Above: margins of acetabulum

and transverse acetebular
ligament
Below: in front to
intertrochanteric line; behind,
to the neck of femur above 1
cm above the intertrochanteric
crest

Accessory structures

Acetabulum labrum;
transverse acetebular
ligament
Ligaments

Iliofemoral lig.
Ligament of head of
femur
Pubofemoral lig.
Ischiofemoral ligament
Zona orbicularis

Movement: flexion,
extention, adduction,
abduction, medial and
lateral rotation,
circumduction

Acetabulum labrum
Ligament of head
of femur

Transverse
acetebular lig.

Pubofemoral
lig.
Iliofemoral
lig.

Ischiofemoral
lig.

Zona orbicularis

 Articulatio Genu
Bones: lower end of femur, upper end of tibia and patella
Articular capsule: superapatellar bursa, deep infrapatellar
bursa ala folds

Accessory structures

ligaments

Patellar lig.
Fibular collateral lig.
Tibial collateral lig.

Patellar lig.

Fibular
collateral
lig.

Tibial collateral
lig.

Oblique popliteal ligament

Anterior cruciate ligment
Posterior cruciateligament

Medial meniscus (C-shaped)

lateral meniscus (O-shaped)

Movements: flexion and extension; flexed knee joint

may be passively rotated through 700

lateral
Medial

Tibiofibular syndesmosis

Tibiofibular joint
Crural interosseous
membrane
Anterior and posterior
tibiofibular ligaments

Joint of foot
Talocrural joint (ankle joint)
Bones: lower ends of tibia
and fibula, trochlea of talus
Articular capsule: thin and
lax in front and behind, and
supported on each side by
strong collateral ligaments

Ligaments

Medial lig.
Lateral lig.

Anterior talofibular lig.

Calcaneofibular lig.
Posterior talofibular lig.

Movements: dosiflexion
(extension) and plantar
flexion (flexion); when the
ankle joint is fully plantar
flexed, small amounts of
abduction, and adduction
are possible

Intertarsal joints

Talocalcaneal joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint

Tarsometatarsal joints

Intermetatarsal joints

Metatarsophalangeal
joints
Interphalangeal joints

transverse tarsal joint

Arches of foot (Arcus pedis)

Medial longitudinal arch: formed by calcaneus,

navicular, three cuneiforms and first to third
metatarsal bones, head of talus is the keystone of
this arch

Lateral longitudinal arch:

formed by calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth
metatarsals; cuboid is is the keystone of this arch

Tranverse arch:
formed by cuboid, three cuniforms and all
metatarsals; the intermediate cuneiform is the
keystone of this arch
Function: give to foot strength stability and
resilience; protect plantar vessels and nerves

Normal arch

Flatfoot

THANK YOU

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