Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SANITATION
What is stream ?
Types of Stream
Sources
Effects
Prevention
STREAM
a small, narrow
river.
Astreamis a
body of water
with acurrent,
confined within a
bedand
stream banks.
Types of Streams
BROOK
CREEK
- a medium-sized natural stream
RIVER
- a large natural stream
Urban Runof
Fertilizers, pesticides, and
herbicides don't all come from
farms, though. Most of them
these days actually come from
peoples' lawns and gardens.
Sewage
Urban pollutants also enter rivers
through water-treatment plants.
One of the results we are
beginning to see is that male fish
are becoming feminized and
incapable of reproducing. Sex
ratios are changing.
In one week, a typical cruise ship
generates: (a) 795,900 litres of
sewage (b) 3.8 million litres of
'grey water' from showers, sinks,
dishwashers and washing
machines (c) 149,230 litres of oily
bilge water (d) More than 8,128
kgs of solid waste and (e) Toxic
wastes from on board operations
like dry cleaners and photoprocessing bottles.
Power Plant
-Nuclear, natural gas, and coal
power plants inject heated water into
rivers, raising temperatures above
normal. Thisheat pollutioncan
cause a devastating change in river
ecology.
In the USA alone, an estimated 200
million gallons of used motor oil are
improperly disposed off by dumpping
on the ground, tossed in the trash
(ending up in landfills) and poured
down storey sewers and drains.
Solid waste
Mining
-During the early years of
gold mining, mercury was used
to separate gold from ore. This
mercury remains in streambeds,
continuing to poison life long
after the practice became
illegal. Today, the main pollutant
from gold mining is sulfuric acid.
Acidification not only kills
streams but also puts toxic
metals found in the soils--such
as aluminum, copper, and
cadmium--into solution, enabling
them to enter streams. Nearly
all mining results in large
quantities of acids leaching into
streams as well as runoff of
heavy metals like lead,
cadmium, and arsenic
Agriculture
Modern agriculture depends on chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation to
produce high-quality crops for animal and
human consumption. To maximize the crop
yield, nitrogen-based fertilizers are spread on
the land. In addition, phosphorus and other
essential minerals also may be applied where
they are lacking or have been depleted in the
soil.
Airborne.
Rain and snow are considered by some
individuals to be relatively "pure," yet gases
and particles introduced into the atmosphere
by human activities and natural phenomena,
such as volcanoes, can contaminate
precipitation that falls back to Earth