Answers to practice

exam
1. B
11. A 21. D31. C 41. B
2. B
12. C 22.
D32. B 42.
B
Double
check
your
3. A
13. C 23. A 33. B 43. A
answers.
4. A
14. D24. A 34. C 44. A
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. D

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

B 25.
C 26.
B 27.
A 28.
E 29.
B 30.

C 35.
A 36.
D37.
D38.
B 39.
C 40.

A 45.
A 46.
C 47.
D48.
D49.
D50.

D
B
C
A
C
A

Answers to practice
exam
51. C
52. A
Double
check
your
53. D
answers
54. C
55. B
56. C
57. A
58. A
59. A
60. C

Observations,
Designing
Experiments, and
Checking Validity.

An observation that
uses NUMBERS.
Common examples
are measuring,
counting, and timing.

quaLitative
observatio
n
An observation that
uses DESCRIBING
WORDS.
Common examples
are color, smell,
appearance, texture.

 Temperature
at 102
degrees
Fahrenheit
2 Eyes
2 Ears
Nose is 8 mm
wide

quaLitative
observatio
nFuzzy

Warm
Looks
unhappy
White fur, with
brown around
his eyes and
ears.

Mrs. Davis voice registers at 75

decibels when she is yelling.
What type of observation is this?
A.
B.

A
B

A. Quantitative Observation
B. Qualitative Observation
A. Quantitative Observation

Tested
Variable
What you are
experimenting with.
INPUT

The results of your

experiment.
OUTPUT

Whats the tested variable?

Amount of exercise.

Whats the outcome variable?

Heart-rate

repetition

replication

Repeating your own

experiment many
times to weed out
mistakes.

Repeating another
scientists
experiment to weed
out mistakes.
Ill check for
mistakes!

repetition

replication

Repeating your own

experiment many
times to weed out
mistakes.

Repeating another
scientists
experiment to weed
out mistakes.
Ill check for
mistakes!

repetition

replication

Repeating your own

experiment many
times to weed out
mistakes.

Repeating another
scientists
experiment to weed
out mistakes.
Ill check for
mistakes!

repetition

replication

Repeating your own

experiment many
times to weed out
mistakes.

Repeating another
scientists
experiment to weed
out mistakes.
Ill check for
mistakes!

repetition

replication

Repeating your own

experiment many
times to weed out
mistakes.

Repeating another
scientists
experiment to weed
out mistakes.
Ill check for
mistakes!

Sean is assigned to repeat his lab

partners experiment, just to double
check his work. What type of validity
check is this?

A. Repetition

B. Replication

B. Replication

Sally heard that if you freeze lifesavers, they

will melt faster. For her science project she has

decided to measure how fast lifesavers will
melt in water if they are frozen, kept in the
refrigerator, and left on the counter. She will
leave one lifesaver on the counter, one in the
refrigerator, and one in the freezer over night.
The next morning, she puts each of them in a
separate bowl of water. Every two hours, she
checks the progress and records the
information.

1. If Sally wanted to do this as an accurate Science Fair

project, what would she have to do?

A. Sally needs approval from her teacher (true, but

doesnt make it accurate)

B. Sally needs to use the same brand of lifesavers.
C. Sally needs to make sure they all taste good (just
opinion)
D. Sally needs to do it at the same time of day. (helpful,
but not necessary)

2. What is the dependent (outcome) variable

in the experiment?
A. the temperature the lifesaver is kept in

overnight (independent/test)
B. the rate at which it melts
C. the brand of lifesavers (constant)
D. the amount of water in the bowls
(constant)

3. What is the independent (test) variable in

the experiment?
A. the temperature the lifesaver is kept

in overnight
B. the color of lifesavers used (constant)
C. the brand of lifesavers (constant)
D. time of day she does the experiment
(doesnt matter)

4. If Sallys class wanted to repeat the

experiment, how would they alter it to verify

the results?
A. Run the same experiment but use a

different brand.
B. Run the same experiment using a different
type of candy. (not testing the same thing)
C. Run the experiment at the same
temperature. (no point of the experiment)
D. Run the experiment at a different time of
day. (doesnt really matter if inside)

5. In which location did the lifesavers melt the

fastest?
A. Freezer (only took 180-185 to melt)
B. Kitchen Counter (took 217-220longer)
C. Refrigerator

(took 190-200longer)

D. No difference (um..yes there is.duh the

numbers are different.)

6. Which of the following observations about

frogs eggs found in a pond is a quantitative

observation? (N.1.1)
A. Each egg measures 0.5 cm across.
B. The center of each egg is black. (only

letters)
C. The eggs are found near the shore. (only
letters)
D. Any eggs were stuck together in a group.
(only letters)

7. A physicist wants to examine the

characteristics the characteristics of a new

material. The physicist will most likely do so
by what method? (N.1.5)
A. Survey a group of people. (people are not

material)
B. Perform laboratory experiments.
C. Perform fieldwork in a remote location.
(why? That doesnt even make sense)
D. Make observations of an ecosystem.
(again.an ecosystem is not a material)

The statement from which investigation is an

example of repetition (doing your own

investigation again)? (N.1.2)
A. Investigation 1 (this is replication because

different surfaces)
B. Investigation 2 (3 different heights)
C. Investigation 3 (average of different things
is not repetition)
D. Investigation 4 (only one that shows
repeating by doing the same thing 4
times)

9. Keisha did an experiment to study the rate of

photosynthesis in the water plant Elodea. She placed a

piece of Elodea in a beaker of water and set the beaker 10
centimeters (cm) from a light source. Keisha counted the
bubbles released from the plant every minute for five
minutes (min). She repeated the process two more times.
First, she moved the light to 20 cm from the beaker, and
then she moved the light to 30 cm from the beaker. What is
the outcome variable (dependent variable) in this
experiment? (N.1.4)
A. the number of bubbles produced
B. the type of plant placed in the beaker (constant)
C. the distance of light source from the plant (test variable)
D. the amount of time the bubbles were counted (constant)

10. Ellies class is studying tide pools and sea stars.

They made the following prediction: If the water

temperature in a tide pool increases, then they sea
stars population decreases. They then compared the
results of the experiment to the classs prediction; they
collected data at several other tide pools. Collecting
data at several other tide pools is an example of what?
(N.1.2)
A. Repulsion (something you think is gross)
B. Replication (only if doing someone elses
experiment)
C. Reposition (moving something to a new position)
D. Repetition (they are repeating their

experiment over and over)

11. 1665, Robert Hooke first viewed a cell under

a microscope. His observations were developed

into the cell theory, which has changed
throughout the years. Why do theories change
over time? (N.2.1)
A. Scientists are always making new

observations which leads to new evidence.

B. New technology shows provides no new data.
C. Scientists dont read about each others
theories.
D. Once a theory is written it never changes

12. According to current atomic theory, an atom

is made of a dense, positively charged nucleus

that is surrounded by a cloud of negatively
charged electrons. Predict what would happen if
a scientist found evidence that challenged
current atomic theory. (N.2.1)
A. The evidence would be considered to be

wrong.
B. Atomic theory would be considered to be
wrong.
C. Atomic theory may be modified.
D. The evidence would be ignored.

13. Which of the following terms is another

name for a well-supported and widely

accepted explanation of nature? (N.3.1) (this
is the definition!)
A. Scientific problem.

(something you

need to solve)
B. Scientific hypothesis. (educated guess)
C. Scientific theory. (explanation)
D. Scientific law. (universally true)

14. Which of the following is a scientific law?

(N.3.1)
A. The Law of the Jungle because it explains

who rules the jungle (behavioral)

B. The Traffic Law because it helps us not to
get into car accidents. (man made)
C. The Law of Right from Wrong because it
helps us to get along with each other (man
made)
D. The Law of Gravity because it explains
the force that draws objects to the center
of the Earth

15. Which of these answers best describes a

scientific theory? (N.3.1)

A. An explanation based on the opinion of a

scientist.
B. A well-supported and widely accepted
explanation of nature.
C. A description of a specific relationship
under given conditions. This is a law
D. A statement describing what always
happens under certain conditions. law

16. In the early 1900s, geologist Alfred Wegener

described a process he called continental drift. He

proposed that Earths continents had once been a
single landmass that had broken up, and the
continents had then moved apart. At first, scientists
were skeptical, but they accepted Wegeners idea
when new discoveries supported it. Which term
describes continental drift? (N.3.1)
A. hypothesis (educated guess)
B. Law (this is not universally true)
C. theory
D. empirical evidence (this is what he used to

support his theory)

Ecology

The study of how

organisms interact
with one another and
with the
environment.

Population

A group of

individuals of the
same species that
live in the same
place.

Biotic Factor

A living part of the

environment.

Abiotic Factor

A nonliving part of

an environment.

Species

Includes organisms

that are closely

related and can mate
to produce fertile
offspring.

Community

Made up of all the

species that live and

interact in an area.

Ecosystem

A community of

organisms and their

nonliving
environment.

Habitat

The place where an

organism usually
lives.

Niche

The role the

population plays in
the ecosystem.

Producer (Autotroph)

Uses energy to make

own food.

Decomposer

An organism that

gets energy and

nutrients by breaking
down the remains of
other organisms.

Consumer

An organism that

eats other
organisms.

Herbivore

A consumer that

eats only plants.

Carnivore

A consumer that

eats other animals.

Omnivore

A consumer that

eats both plants and

animals.

Food Chain

The path of energy

transfer from
producers to
consumers in one
direction.

Food Web

The feeding

relationships among
organisms in an
ecosystem and are
made up of many
food chains.

Limiting Factor
An environment

factor that prevents

an organism or
population from
reaching its full
potential of size or
activity.

Estuary
An area where fresh

water mixes with salt

water from the
ocean.

Prey
An organism that is

killed and eaten by

another organism.

Native Species
A species that was

not introduced and

that naturally occurs
in a given ecosystem
both in the past and
now.

Wetland
An area of land that

is periodically
underwater or whose
soil contains a great
deal of moisture.

Predator
An organism that
kills and eats all or
part of another
organism.

Coral
Reef
A limestone ridge
found in tropical
climates and
composed of coral
fragments that are
deposited around
organic remains.

Introduced
Species
A species introduced
either by accident or
on purpose by
human actions into
places beyond the
speciess natural
range.

Symbiosis
A relationship in

which two different

organisms live in
close association
with each other.

Competition
Ecological
relationship in which
two or more
organisms depend
on the same limited
resource.

Mutualism
A relationship

between two species

in which both species
benefit.

Parasitism
A relationship

between two species

in which one species,
the parasite, benefits
fro the other species,
the host, which is
harmed.

Commensalism
A relationship
between two
organisms in which
one organism
benefits and the
other is unaffected.

When Spider-Man was wearing the

black suit, it was turning him into a
darker, meaner person while feeding
on his brain. What type of symbiosis
A. Mutualism
would this be?

B. Commensalism
C. Parasitism
D. Communism

FOOD WEB ROLES

PRODUCER - (P) An organism that captures energy
________________
and turns it into food (chemical energy).
CONSUMER - (C#) An organism that cannot make
________________
its own food, so it has to eat the chemical energy of
others.
PRIMARY
CONSUMER
_________________ _______________ - (C1) A
CONSUMER
SECONDARY
consumer
one energy arrow
away from a producer.
_________________ _______________ - (C2) A
CONSUMER
consumerTERTIARY
two energy arrows
away from a producer.
_________________ _______________ - (C3) A
consumer three energy arrows away from a producer.
DECOMPOSER
________________ - (D) An organism that breaks down
dead organisms and waste products to get energy.

17. Two species are living together in a

symbiotic relationship. One species benefits

from the relationship, while the other species
is totally unaffected. Which type of
relationship is this? (L.17.2)
A. Mutualism (both benefits)
B. Commensalism (you need to freakin

study!!)
C. Parasitism (one benefit, one harmed)
D. Predation (one benefit, one killed)
E. Competition (both struggle)

18. Clownfish and sea anemones work together

for the benefit of the whole group. While the

clownfish receives protection from larger
predators, the sea anemone receives bits of food
from the clownfishs scraps.
Which type of relationship would the clownfish
and sea anemone be a part of? (L.17.2)
A. Mutualism (STUDY!)
B. Commensalism (one benefits, one unaffected)
C. Parasitism (one benefits, one harmed)
D. Predation (one benefits, one killed)
E. Competition (both struggle)

19. Batmans archnemesis, the Joker, is a burden to the

city of Gotham. He constantly robs banks, destroys

property, and kidnaps innocent people. Even The Joker,
however, is not without problems. He constantly has to
fight for his illegal control of the city from other crooks,
such as The Penguin, The Scarecrow, and The Riddler.
How would you describe The Jokers relationship with all
the other bad guys in Gotham City? (L.17.2)
A. Mutualism (both benefit)
B. Commensalism (one benefit, one unaffected)
C. Parasitism (one benefit, one harmed)
D. Predation (one benefit, one killed)
E. Competition (did I mention STUDY!!!)

20. The acacia tree and ants live together in a mutualistic

relationship. The acacia tree oozes sweet nectar for the ants,
providing them an easy and nutritious meal. Which of the
following could be the role of the ants if the relationship
between the ants and tree are mutualistic? (L.17.2)
A. The ants bite on the tree to make the nectar flow, which robs

the leaves of sugar.

(parasitism)

B. The ants defend

the tree from other bugs that might eat its leaves.
C. The ants eat only nectar that would have been otherwise
discarded, thereby not affecting the tree. (commensalism)
D. The ants
send all their workers to cut through the tree; when it is killed
they receive the nectar. (parasitism)
E. The ants cut off leaves from
the tree; the bare stems ooze nectar.
(parasitism)

LESSON 5: MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

COPYING A
CELL

MAKING
SEX
CELLS

WHY MAKE NEW CELLS?

NEW CELLS = NEW LIFE

1.The production of more cells is

essential to creating offspring
(babies)
2.More cells allows replacing old,
damaged cells.
3.Used for growth of an organism by
making more cells

HOW ARE NEW CELLS MADE?

DNA IS A CELL PLANNER

6 th
Re g
fr ra
es d
he e
DNA
r!

Found in the Nucleus of a cell,

provides instructions for how a cell
should grow.

HOW ARE NEW CELLS MADE?

CHROMOSOMES ARE DNA PACKAGES

When its time for DNA to be copied

and split into two cells, it takes the
shape of a Chromosome to make the
movement less tangled.

HOW ARE NEW CELLS MADE?

EACH CHROMOSOME/DNA STRAND
CONTAINS MANY GENES

Each gene in a chromosome is

responsible for building or
maintaining a specific part of an
organisms body.
This blue band might be
a gene to build your skin
color.
This orange band might
control whether you are
left or right-handed

(Usually things arent quite this simple, though.)

Which of the following contains

the ALL of the instructions for
how a cell should be created?
A. Chromosomes
B. Genes
C. Cytoplasm
D. Cell Wall

Plant cells contain

chromosomes.
A. True
B. False

HOW ARE NEW CELLS MADE?

TWO TYPES OF CELLS

In most animals and plants there are

two types of cells

BODY
CELLS
!

SEX
CELLS
!

and both types of cells are made in

different way, and perform different
functions.

LESSON 5: MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

COPYING A
CELL

MAKING
SEX
CELLS

Chromosomes are different in

sex cells and body cells. Which
of the following is the only way
that they are similar?
A. They both have crossover.
B. They both have a single
chromosome OR
C. They both are made of DNA.

You need two sex cells in order

to create a full set of DNA.
A. True
B. False

Fr
om

M
om

Da d
From

DNA - a
complete code
of instructions
to build ALL
parts of an
species body.
Remember that
theres twin
halves of DNA
you get one
strand from

Lets examine some DNA, Genes, and

Alleles!

Mr. Michaels Facial Hair

Why so Black?

Like all humans, Mr. Michael

has a set of DNA that codes
instructions to grow all parts
of his body, including facial
hair.
And again, like
To grow black, Mr.
all humans, Mr.
Michaels facial hair
Michael has a
gene must have
GENE that is
ALLELES from his
specifically in
parents that code
control of facial
for black hair!
hair color!

Mr. Rawlins Facial Hair

Why so Red?

Like all humans, Mr. Rawlins

has a set of DNA that codes
instructions to grow all parts
of his body, including facial
hair.
And again, like
To grow red, Mr.
all humans, Mr.
Rawlins facial hair
Rawlins has a
gene must have
GENE that is
ALLELES from his
specifically in
parents that code
control of facial
for red hair!
hair color!

Which of the following contains

the ALL of the instructions for
how a cell should be created?
A. Chromosomes
B. Genes
C. Cytoplasm
D. Cell Wall

What two things do Mr.

Rawlins and Mr. Michael
share?

What do they have

different?

We both have a set of

human DNA and the
Gene for facial hair.

We both have
different codes for
our Alleles that
makes our hair

When describing alleles,

scientists usually pick a letter
and use it to represent the DNA
code. Because each organism
has two alleles, one from each
parent, the alleles are written as
2 letter combos.
PP HH Qq EE tt

We all have the gene for fingers.

The number of fingers we have
is determined by the allele.
We all have the gene for skin.
Whether or not we have freckles
is determined by the allele.

Alleles
Genotype =
List of Alleles

Traits
Phenotype =
List of Traits

Alleles

Traits

Dominant E

Pointy ears

Recessive e

Floppy ears

EE or Ee =

ee=

Punnett Squares

Ee

Ee

ee

ee

21. Yeasts are single-celled organisms that are used in

baking bread and brewing beer. They reproduce asexually

through mitosis. Which of the following is true of yeast
reproduction? (L.16.1)
A. Parent yeast cells will divide into four offspring cells.
B. Parent yeast cells combine to produce one offspring

cell.
C. Yeast offspring will carry a single chromosome.
D. Yeast offspring will be a copy of the parent

yeast.
My clone has My characteristics because of
Mitosis. But thats not how it works. Its just
Me. My mom and dad came together and through
Meiosis they made Me.

22. Which of these parts of a cell contains

hereditary information? (L.16.1)

A. Cell wall (holds up structure of cell)
B. Lysosome (gets rid of cell waste)
C. Endoplasmic reticulum

(transports

materials in the cell)

D. Chromosome (bundles of DNA and
protein)

23. Information is passed from the P-

Generation to the F1 Generation through

________. (L.16.1)
A. Genes (duh)
B. Cytoplasm (gel that holds organelles)
C. Blood cells (transports oxygen to body)
D. Body cells (what about them???)

So What is
Evolution?
A population of
organisms changing
over time.

What is Selection?
The deciding factor
in which organisms
genes are passed on
to new generations.

HOW DOES EVOLUTION WORK?

Theres many ways that

populations can change over
time.
HEY LADIES!
CHECK OUT MY
Theres
artificial
SEXY RED
POUCH! selection...

And sexual
selection...

Artificial Selection is when

humans decide which genes to

pass along, like in dog breeds.
Sexual Selection is when
organisms pick and choose from
mates to decide which ones
genes will pass on, like when birds
use bright colors to attract a mate.

HOW DOES EVOLUTION WORK?

What is Natural
When limiting factors from
Selection?
an organisms environment
chooses which members of
a population will pass their
genes on. Usually by
killing the weakest.

WE SAW HOW LIMITING FACTORS CAN KILL

OFF MEMBERS OF A POPULATION

WE SAW HOW SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

CAN PROVIDE OFFSPRING A VARIETY OF
TRAITS
Broth
er

Siste
r

IM THE
FASTEST!

SLOW
DOWN,
BOB!!

What would happen if we

combined these two ideas?

Variation
from
Sexual
Reproducti
on

Limiting
Factors

We get a population that is

The
live
better adapted
tofastest
their
to
make
fast
The slowest
of
environment!
the herd gets
eaten.

offspring!

And the population

changes to include
much faster bison over
time!

Make a Prediction
What will happen to the
Cheetah population over
time as the bison get
faster?

What is a Fossil?
The remains or
imprints of
once-living
organisms.

The deeper it is,

the older it is

What is the Fossil Record?

All of the fossils that

have been discovered

make up the fossil
record.

How do fossils show

change
over
time?

The fossil
record
provides
evidence about the order in
which species have existed
through time, and how they
have changed over time.

24. What is artificial selection? (L.15.2)

A. The process by which humans breed

organism for certain characteristics.

B. The process by which inherited traits in a
population change over generations. (evolution)
C. The process by which individuals that are
better adapted to their environment are more
likely to survive and reproduce. (natural
selection)
D. The process by which Charles Darwin noted
the differences among finches on the Galapagos
islands. (evolution)

25. In sexual selection, which of the following

determines if members of a population get to

pass their genes on? (L.15.2)
A. humans (artificial selection)
B. the environment (natural selection)
C. your mate (hunka, hunka burning

cricket. Oh baby, my exoskeleton is

parasite free!)

26. Which of the following scenarios gives roaches

the best chance of adapting to bug spray? (L.15.2)

A. Offspring have many unique traits and

environmental factors (chemicals in bug

spray) do not change.
B. Offspring have many unique traits and
environmental factors (chemicals in bug spray)
change.
C. Offspring have few unique traits and
environmental factors (chemicals in bug spray) do
not change.
D. Offspring have few unique traits and
environmental factors (chemicals in bug spray)
change.

27. At the zoo, Anya observes that individuals

of a certain kangaroo species have slightly

different sizes and colors. What characteristic
of populations is Anya observing? (15.2)
A. Adaptation
B. Evolution
C. Selection
D. Variation

28. What is natural selection? (L.15.2)

A. the process by which humans breed a

species for certain traits. (artificial)

B. the process in which inherited traits of a
population change over many generations.
(evolution definition)
C. the process by which Charles Darwin noted
the differences in finches while visiting the
Galapagos Islands. (evolution)
D. the process by which individuals that
are better adapted to their environment
are more likely to survive and reproduce.

29. What is evolution? (L.15.2)

A. a group of organisms that can mate to

produce fertile offspring (this is a species)

B. the process in which inherited traits of a
population change over many generations.
(definition)
C. the process by which individuals that are
better adapted to their environment are more
likely to survive and reproduce (natural selection)
D. a trait that allows organisms in a population to
better survive and reproduce in their
environment. (natural selection)

30. Which of the following scenarios will help the Pig

populations better adapt to attacks from the Angry

Birds? (L.15.2)
A. The Pigs have offspring with low genetic variation,
and their environmental factors (types of attacks
from the Angry Birds) remain the same.
B. The Pigs have offspring with low genetic variation,
and their environmental factors (types of attacks
from the Angry Birds) change.
C. The Pigs have offspring with high genetic
variation, and their environmental factors
(types of attacks from the Angry Birds) remain
the same.
D. The Pigs have offspring with high genetic
variation, and their environmental factors (types of
attacks from the Angry Birds) change.

31. A scientist described two modern-day

species as sharing a common ancestor. What

does it mean when two species share a
common ancestor? (L15.2)
A. It means that the two species are actually

the same species.

B. It means that one of the species evolved
from other species.
C. It means that both species evolved
from one species that lived in the past.
D. It means that the two species share all the
same traits.

32. All organisms are made of one of two

kinds of cells, prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic

cells. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
undergo cell division. The two types of cells
have very different processes for division, but
they both begin the process in the same way.
What do both types of cells need to do before
they begin cell division? (L.16.1)
A. The nuclear membrane dissolves
B. Copy their DNA (study)
C. The cell pinches around the middle
D. DNA moves to opposite sides of the cell

Notes

Earth is divided into 3

basic layers:
1. Crust
2. Mantle
3. Core
These layers are then subdivided into
smaller layers.

The farther in you go.

1. The hotter it gets
2. The more
pressure there is.

2 TYPES OF CRUST :
Oceanic crust is
very dense, made
of Basalt. (What
type of rock is
this?)
Continental crust
is less dense,
made of Granite.

How do we know?
We have never made it past the crust to see

whats inside our planet because there is too

much pressure, heat, and we cannot drill
through the solid rock.
So how do we know?

How Do Scientists Study

the
Earths
Interior?
Scientists
use seismic waves by studying
how fast the waves travel and what path
they take. This reveals how the planet is
put together.
Earthquakes produce these.

In Review:
1. What are the 3 main layers of the Earth?
Crust, Mantle, Core
2. Which layer is the least dense?
Crust
3. Which core layer is solid iron and nickel?
Inner core
4. What is the name given to the crunchy layer of the crust
and uppermost part of the mantle?
Lithosphere
5. The motion in this layer is the reason Earth has a
magnetic field.
Outer core

Rock Cycle

Geology
The study of the

planet Earth.

Geologist
Scientists who study the

forces that makes and

shapes the planet earth.

Constructive Forces
Builds up or constructs

new land.
Examples: Deposition
and Volcanoes

Destructive Forces
Takes away or breaks

down existing land.

Examples: Weathering
and Erosion

Changing Rocks
The deeper you go into

the Earth, the more the

pressure and
temperature increase,
causing changes in the
rocks.

Types of Rocks
Now that we know how rocks can change, lets

look at the different types of rocks.

Igneous Rock
Forms when magma or

lava cools and hardens to

become solid.

Igneous Rocks
Granite forms the

continental crust (less

dense).
Basalt forms the oceanic

crust (more dense).

Metamorphic Rocks
Forms when pressure,

temperature, or chemical
processes change existing
rock.

Metamorphic Rock
Some of the worlds most

famous buildings and art are

made from a type of
metamorphic rock called marble.

Metamorphic Rock

Sedimentary Rock
Forms when minerals that

form from solutions or

sediment from older rocks get
pressed and cemented
together.

Sedimentary Rock

Rock Cycle
The series of processes

in which rock changes

from one type to
another.

Rock Cycle

33. A river carrying sediment downstream is

an example of (E.6.2)
A. deposition because it has laid down the

sediment.
B. erosion because it is carrying the
sediment away.
C. physical weathering because it is
physically breaking down the sediment.
D. chemical weathering because it is
chemically breaking down the sediment.

34. Granite forms when liquid magma slowly

cools within Earths crust. If the granite is

exposed to intense heat and pressure, it can
change to gneiss. Which type of change takes
place when granite turns into gneiss? (E.6.2)
A. Sedimentary rock changes to igneous rock.
B. Metamorphic rock changes to igneous rock.
C. Igneous rock changes to metamorphic

rock. (Study!)
D. Sedimentary rock changes to metamorphic
rock.

35. Over a long period of time, igneous rock

can change into sedimentary rock. What must

happen to igneous rock before it can change
into sedimentary rock? (E.6.2)
A. It must be broken down into

sediment.
B. Its minerals must be dissolved in water.
C. It must melt and become magma.
D. It must be exposed to high pressure and

temperature.

If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of

the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.

PANGAEA

Alfred Wegner

Proposed continental drift

The continents broke up

and drifted apart

Scientists had no idea
how the continents did
this

Some other proof

of continental drift

How do plates move?

Three types of plate boundary

Divergent

Convergent

Transform

Divergent Boundaries

Spreading ridges
As plates move apart new material is
erupted to fill the gap

Iceland: An example of continental rifting

Iceland has a divergent

plate boundary running

through its middle

Convergent Boundaries
There are three styles of

convergent plate boundaries

Continent-continent collision
Continent-oceanic crust

collision
Ocean-ocean collision

Continent-Continent Collision
Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps,
Himalayas

Himalayas

Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision

Called SUBDUCTION

Subduction

Oceanic lithosphere

subducts underneath the

continental lithosphere
Oceanic lithosphere
heats and dehydrates as
it subsides
The melt rises forming
volcanism
E.g. The Andes

Transform Boundaries

Where plates slide past each other

Above: View of the San Andreas

transform fault

Volcanoes and Plate

Tectonics
whats the connection?

Pacific Ring of Fire

Volcanism is
mostly focused
at plate margins

Earthquakes and Plate

Tectonics
whats the connection?

As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not

randomly distributed over the globe

Figure showing
the distribution of
earthquakes
around the globe

At the boundaries between plates, friction

causes them to stick together. When built up

energy causes them to break, earthquakes
occur.

In Review:
1. What are the three types of plate boundaries called?
Divergent, Convergent, Transform
2. What is the motion of each of the three plate
boundaries?
Divergent: pull away, Convergent: come together,
Transform: shift past each other
3. What is the correlation between plate tectonics and
events like earthquakes and volcanoes?
Earthquakes and volcanoes happen along the plate
boundaries

36. Wegener developed a hypothesis of

continental drift. What evidence supported

this new hypothesis? (E.6.4)
A. The similarities of fossils found on

landmasses that are far away from each

other.
B. The movement of tides. (really?)
C. The relationship between the mantle and
the crust. (what about them?)
D. The relationship between the north and
south poles. (again.what about them?)

37. The Red Sea formed as the African Plate

moved apart from the Arabian Plate. Which type

of boundary was involved in the formation of the
Red Sea? (E.6.5)
A. transform boundary

(shhh, shhh past each

other)
B. stationary boundary (um.thats the
atmosphere.like when Brock Lestner and
Goldburg didnt fight during that one Wrestle
Mania)
C. divergent boundary (dive in and move
hands apart from each other)
D. convergent boundary (come together!)

38. The Rocky Mountains formed when the

Pacific plate collided with the North American

plate. Which of the following terms describes
this process? (E.6.5)
A. ridge push (thats not even a boundary)
B. divergent boundary

(dive and away

nope)
C. transform boundary
(sliding past)
D. convergent boundary (come together!
Right now! Over me!)

39. How is the location of volcanoes in the Ring of

Fire related to tectonic plate boundaries? (E.6.5)

A. Most volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are located

at hot spots. (no boundary.in the middlethats

why its called a hot.spot..)
B. Most volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are located
along a mid-ocean ridge. (just cause its a big
word doesnt make it the right answer)
C. There is no consistent pattern in the location of
volcanoes in the Ring of Fire.
D. Most volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are
located where an oceanic plate collides with
a continental plate.

40. Unlike Florida, a transform boundary

passes through California. What happens at a

transform boundary that can cause an
earthquake? (E.6.5)
A. Two plate collide. (convergent)
B. Two plates move away from each other.

(divergent)
C. Two plates move in the same direction.
(doesnt exsist)
D. Two plates slide or glide past each
other. (ding ding ding)

41. Why do most earthquakes take place at tectonic

plate boundaries? (E.6.5)

A. the rock in the interior of a tectonic plate is stronger

so it does not deform. (interior does not me on the

outside)
B. Earthquakes take place where energy is
transferred to rock by the motion of tectonic
plates.
C. Earthquakes can only occur at places where magma
can reach the surface and transfer energy to rocks.
D. Earthquakes take place when one plate moves over
another plate, which happens only at plate boundaries.
(True, but full explaination in B because of energy)

42. What is the primary way that mountains

are formed? (E.6.5)

A. by tension at a transform boundary (slide

past = no mountain)
B. by compression at a convergent
boundary (means squeezing together)
C. by shear stress at a divergent boundary
(divergent = no mountain.just big hole)
D. by volcanic activity (true, but not

primary.which means main way)

7.1 Heat Transfer

Radiation

Conduction

Convection

7.1 Heat Transfer

Heat is a form of..?

.energy

7.1 Heat Transfer

When something has

more energy, it
moves.?

faster

7.1 Heat Transfer

As it moves faster, it

begins to spread?

apart

7.1 Heat Transfer

As it spreads apart,

it becomes less..?

.dense

7.1 Heat Transfer

What are the three

types of heat
transfer?

Radiation
Conduction
Convection

7.1 Heat Transfer

How does Earth

receive most of its

radiation?

As electromagnetic

waves from the sun.

7.1 Heat Transfer

How is heat

transferred by
conduction?

Direct contact

through a material
(two objects
touching)

7.1 Heat Transfer

How is heat

transferred by
convection?

By the circulation of

a liquid or gas.

What would happen

to an ice cube?

if you added heat

It would melt into

liquid water.

What would happen

to liquid water?

if you added heat

It would boil and

eventually evaporate
into water vapor
(gas)

Energy

The ability to cause

change.
Measured in units
called joules.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of

motion.
All moving objects
have kinetic energy.

Potential Energy

The stored

energy that an
object has
because of its
position
condition, or
chemical
composition.

Mechanical Energy

The Kinetic energy

plus the potential

energy due to
position.

Law of Conservation

of Energy

Energy can be

neither created nor

destroyed. It can
only be
transformed.

Energy is what gives us the ability

to do stuff, to make things move,
to make things happen!

Energy is what gives us the ability

to do stuff, to make things move,
to make things happen!

Is energy being used when you

are laying around on the couch
with Cheetoh fingers, while
watching
Adventure Time?
A. Yes
B. No

ENERGY COMES IN SEVERAL

DIFFERENT TYPES. THERES
TWO BASIC WAYS THAT YOU
CAN CLASSIFY THEM.

LIGHT ENERGY IS THE MOVEMENT OF

PHOTONS, or PARTICLES OF LIGHT.
LIGHT ENERGY MOVES IN A WAVE-LIKE
MOTION AS IN TRAVELS. CHANGING THE
WAVES LENGTH CHANGES THE TYPE OF
LIGHT.

TRANSMITTED THROUGH SPACE IN THE

FORM OF WAVES
DOES NOT NEED A MEDIUM TO TRAVEL
THROUGH
LIGHT ENERGY IS A FORM OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

43. The Earth receives heat and light energy

that travels from the Sun. When you are at the

beach you can feel the warmth from the sun.
Which of the following is the correct
classification for this energy? (P.10.1)
A. radiation (if you dont know this by

now..Im really, really, REALLY worried)

B. nuclear
C. kinetic
D. electrical

44. What type of heat transfer takes place in

a gas? (P.11.4)
A. Convection
(study!)
B. Conduction (contact)
C. Radiation (from sun)
D.Global warming (really???)

45. A ball is dropped from height of 1m. The

ball bounces back to height of 0.8m. What

happened to the energy that seems to have
been lost in the system? (P.11.3)
A. The lost energy was destroyed.
B. The lost energy was destroyed or

converted into thermal energy.

C. The lost energy was converted into
sound energy. (missing something)
D. The lost energy was converted into
sound energy and thermal energy. (woot
woot!)

46. The kinetic energy of an object depends

on the objects mass and speed. As the

objects mass and speed increases, its kinetic
energy also increases. Which of the following
has the most kinetic energy? (P.11.2)
A. a trucked parked in a lot

(not moving)

B. a jet airplane flying on the air

C. a kitten running in a room (too small)
D. a car driving on a highway (moving but

plane bigger)

47. When a skateboarder reaches the top of a

half-pipe ramp, what type of energy is at its

maximum? (P.11.2)
A. Mechanical energy
B. Kinetic energy
C. Potential energy

grade.)
D. Chemical energy

(this is from 6th

48. Kins teacher has given the class the task

of designing a roller coaster using pipe

insulation tubing for the track and a marble
for the car. Which of the following factors will
decrease the speed of the marble down a
slope? (P.11.2)
A. Friction (again.6th grade)
B. Gravity
C. Mass
D. Momentum

A wave is a disturbance that

transfers energy from one
place to another.
A medium is the material
through which a wave travels.

Ocean waves and sound waves need

a medium to travel through
(mechanical waves).

Light waves can transfer energy

from the sun through space because
they dont need a medium to travel
through (electromagnetic waves).

ASSIGNMENT IV

ASSIGNMENT V

ASSIGNMENT V

ABSORPTI
ON

REFRACTI
ON

REFLECTI
ON

ASSIGNMENT V
1.
REFRACTION

???.
REFLECTION
OFF OF SCLERA

6. ABSORPTION
(BLACK PART)

2.
REFRACTION

3.
REFRACTION
4.
REFRACTION

5.
REFLECTION
(SHINY PART)

ASSIGNMENT VI

ASSIGNMENT VI

49. Sunlight is composed of energy that is

visible to humans and energy that is not

visible to humans. Which statement describes
how the visible energy from the Sun is
different from the non-visible energy? (P.10.1)
A. It travels at a different speed.
B. It travels a different distance.
C. It has different wavelengths. (all light

is differences in wavelengths.always)
D. it has different amplitudes. (part of a
wavelength)

50. A toy robot can walk and talk and runs on

batteries. What type of energy is stored in the

batteries? (P.11.2)
A. Chemical (type of stored energy)
B. kinetic
C. nuclear

(moving)
(radioactive toys would be
bad.just watch the music video.that
pink bear is freaky)
D. Thermal (heat is moving)

51. A guitar string vibrates to produce sound.

Which type of energy is converted to sound

energy? (P.11.2)
A. chemical energy (stored.not moving)
B. light energy (doesnt vibrate cause doesnt

need a medium)
C. kinetic energy (movement)
D. thermal energy (hot guitar = ow for
fingers)

52. On a cold winter day, Delia puts logs into

a fireplace. Then she strikes a match and sets

the logs on fire. As the fire burns, which two
forms of energy are released? (P.11.2)
A. light and thermal
B. thermal and electrical
C. chemical and light (chemical not released,

it was there in the beginning)

D. electrical and chemical

53. A flashlight runs on a battery. If the light

is left on the battery runs out and the

flashlight stops working. Which statement
best describes what has happened to the
batterys energy? (P.11.3)
A. It has been destroyed.
B. It has been stored as kinetic energy.
C. It has changed to potential energy.
D. It has changed to thermal energy and

light energy.

54. Which description defines heat? (P.11.4)

A. total thermal energy of an object or

substance
B. change in the temperature of a substance
degrees Celsius
C. energy transferred between objects
at differ temperatures (defines
heat.study)
d. average kinetic energy of the particles that
make up a substance

55. Ashley puts a straw into a glass of water.

She notices that when she looks through the

glass and the water from the side, the straw
appears to be broken. Which term best
explains why the straw looks like it is broken?
(P.10.1)
A. absorption (would absorb image and

wouldnt see anything)

B. refraction (bends the light)
C. scattering (wouldnt just look
broken.would look shattered if light)
D. transmission (thats in a car.)

56. The energy generated by the sun travels to

Earth as electromagnetic waves. Because the

radiation from the sun travels to Earth in varying
wavelengths, scientists consider them to be a
spectrum. Which statement describes an
electromagnetic wave with a long wavelength?
(P.10.1)
A. It has a high frequency and low energy. (high

frequency would mean skinny waves)

B. It has a high frequency and high energy.
C. It has a low frequency and can travel
through a vacuum.
D. It has a low frequency and needs a medium to
travel through.

57. Habib looks around his classroom at

different objects. Which object reflects almost

all of the light that strikes it? (P.10.1)
A. white poster board (white is

reflection of all light equally)

B. clear window glass (transparent, all light
comes through with little reflection)
C. bright overhead light (light, but not
necessarily purely white)
D. black construction paper (absorbing all
light)

58. Electromagnetic energy travels through

space as waves. The electromagnetic

spectrum includes all electromagnetic waves,
arranged according to frequency and
wavelength. Which of these is an example of
an electromagnetic waves?
A. radio wave (duhthink of the song)
B. sound wave (really?)
C. ocean wave (come on.really?!)
D. gravitational pull (Seriously!!!)

59. Sonia tapped one end of a long wooden table.

Sanjay and Marc listened to the sounds. Sanjay

pressed his ear to the table and heard the taps
that seemed louder than the taps that marc heard.
Why? (P.10.3)
A. More energy reached Sanjays ear than
Marcs ear. (waves travel better in solids)
B. Particles of wood are farther apart than
particles of air.
C. Sound travels through air and wood at different
speeds. (close, but does not give clear
explanation)
D. The taps only made the table vibrate, they did
not make the air vibrate. (then how did Marc hear
anything?)

60. Emma measured the maximum

displacement of a wave that she made by

moving the end of a string up and down.
What property of a wave was she measuring?
(P.10.3)
A. period
(length of time past)
B. frequency (how often its happening)
C. amplitude (how high up and down it

went)
D. wavelength (how far apart each is)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjOGNVH3

D4Y&safe=active