UNIT 10

MEASUREMENT 4 FREQUENCY,
TENDENCY, PROBABILITY

NAME :
FEBY TRIFANA KUTJAME
EKO SETIAWAN LANGGARA
TUTLIEN F. T. LAHUTUNG
RIVAN TULANG

Section 1. Frequency
1. look at the diagram
PLANTS

ANIMALS
MAMMALS

FISH

BIRDS

REPTILES

INSECTA

MICROBES

 Change the statements on the left, which

say how many members of a particular
class possess a certain property, into
statement of frequency, which say how
often the property occurs :
Example : All living things consist of cells
(always)
Living things always consist of cells

a). Most plants are green.

(usually)

plants are usually green.

b). Many birds living in trees.

(often/frequency)

birds often living in trees.

c). Some mammals live in water.

(sometimes)

sometimes mammals live in water.

d). A few plants flower at night.

( occasionally)

Plants occasionally flower at night.

e). Few fish leave the water.

(rarely)

Fish rarely leave the water.

f). No living things are two-dimensional (never)
Living things are never two-dimensional.

2. Here are some more properties. Make statements

about how often they occurs :
Example :
plants never swim
Animals usually possess tails
Reptiles are always cold-blooded
a). Breathe
b). Have roots
c). Lay eggs
d). Suckle young
e). Eat flesh
f). Sing
g). Climb trees
h). Are warm-blooded
i). Are cold-blooded

j). Are covered with skin

k). Are supported by legs
l). Possess hair
m). Possess lungs
n). Have wings
o). Are capable of flying
p). Are able to swim
q). Have the ability to
talk

ANSWER :
a). Human are always breathe.
b). Plants usually have roots.
c). Animals occasionally have lay
eggs.
d). Birds never suckle young.
e). Reptiles usually eat flesh
f). Sometimes human are sing
g). Fish never climb trees.
h). Birds are always warmblooded
i). Reptiles are always coldblooded

j). Human usually are covered

with skin
k). Human are supported by
legs
l). Whale rarely possess hair
m). Insecta never possess lungs
n). Birds often have wings.
o). Birds usually are capable of
flying
p). Human occasionally are able
to swim
q). Human usually have the
ability to talk

Section 2. Tendency
3. Answer these questions:
a). What is the difference
between these two
generalisations ?
people breathe oxygen
people live in houses
b). Which one says what always
happens ?
c). What does the other one
says ?
d). Many generalisations are about
what usually or generally
occurs, ie there are
exceptions, but these are
relatively rare. Can you think
of any exceptions to the
statement that people live in
houses ?

Answer :
a). The first sentence describes
something that is always
happens.
The second sentence
describe about something
generally occurs.
b). Yes, it is the first sentence.
c). About something generally
occurs.
d). For example, birds live in
trees

4. Read this ;
Generalisations which have exceptions
express a tendency. These statement
mean the same :
Most people live in houses.
People generally live in houses.
People tend to live in houses.

Look at these statements. Add the verb tend to to those

which express tendency. Add always to those which are
absolutely true. Add sometimes, rarely, never, etc, to the
other :
a). Plants are green. = plants usually are green
b). Humans are two-legged = human usually are twolegged
c). Birds migrate in groups = birds tend to migrate in
groups
d). Birds live under water. = birds never live under water
e). Mammals lay eggs. = mammals rarely lay eggs
f). Insects are smaller than mammals. = insects tend to
are smaller than mammals.
g). Fruit is soft. = sometimes fruit is soft
h). Flowers are blue. = flowers rarely are blue.

5. Look and read:

If something always occurs, then it will certainly occurs. 100%
If something nearly always occurs, then it will almost
I
certainly occur .
Usually
= will probability
I
Often
= may well
I
Sometimes = may/will possibly
50 %
Occasionally = might
I
Rarely
= probably will not
I
Seldom
= probably will not
I
Never
= certainly will not
0%


The statements about frequency are based on
observation. From them we can make predictions
about the likelihood of something happening. Thus, we
know from observations that rooms always have walls.
Therefore we can predict that the next room we see
will certainly have walls.

Make statements about the probability of a room having the following

features :
Windows
At least one chair
An electric light
have
A wooden floor
Wooden walls
A height of less than 2 metres
A length of less than 1 metre.

Cubic in shape
Cylindrical in shape
Surrounded by water be
Joined to other rooms
Made of glass
Bigger than a car

Answer :
a). Room usually have windows then it probably be
made of glass
b). A room sometimes have at least one chair, then it
will possibly be made of wood
c). A room usually have an electric light then it
probably be made of glass
d). A room occasionally have a nooden floor then it
might be higher off the ground
e). A room often have wooden walls, then it joined to
other rooms.
f). A room occasionally have a height of less than 2
metres then it might not surrounded by water
g). A room rarely have a length of less than 1 metre,
then it probably will not bigger than a car

6. Read this :
Some predictions depend on conditions.
Examples :
If the rooms is a laboratory, then it probably will not
contains beds.
Provided that the room is bedroom, then it will be
used for sleeping.

Make similar conditional predictions about the probability of

the rooms on the left having the features on the right. (Dont
use provided that in negative statements.)
A hospital ward

A bedroom
A laboratory
A workshop
A bathroom

A class-room
A kitchen

Contain

Possess

Be used

Beds

A gas-supply

For experiments

A blackboard

A water-supply

For washing

A cooker

For sleeping

For dissecting

A microscope

For learning

An electron microscope

7. Read this :
Alternative ways of predicting possibility :
Certainly
100%
(extremely)
probable
I
(fairly)
likely
that X will occur
It is

possible

(fairly)
improbable
(extremely)
unlikely
Certain

50%
I
I

that X will not occur 0%

Now observe what persentage of students in your group

have the following features :
Male
Female
Adult
Child
Animal
Vegetable
Left-handed

Right handed
Shoes
Trousers
A dress
Long hair
Short hair
A beard

A hat
Glasses
Blue eyes
Brown eyes
Three legs
A moustache

From the observations make predictions about the

next students you meet.
Example : It is likely that he will be adult
If the student is female, it is probable that she will
have a dress.

8. Look and read :

A molecule of water is moving up this tree from the
roots. Where the tree divides it is equally likely to take
either branch.

Calculate the chances of the molecule reaching

different point.
Examples :
The chances of molecule reaching point a are 50% or
one in two.
The chances of it reaching point c are 25% or one in
four.

9. Look and read :

This frequency diagram represents one months average rainfall in
one district over the past 50 years. It shows, for example. That the
district had a rainfall of approximately 8 cm 10 times. How often did
it have a rainfall of 5 cm ?

100%
(extremely) strong I
(fairly) high I
There is a/an possibility that X will happen.
(fairly) weak
(extremely) low
Slight I
remote I
no0 %

I
I

100%

Possibility
The probability
Likelihood

high
I
Strong
I
(extremely)
I
that X will happen is (fairly)
low
I
weak
I
Slight
I
Remote
I
Nil
0%

Make predictions like these, from the frequency

diagram, about the possibility of :
A rainfall of 8 cm
10 cm
6 cm
4 cm
12 cm
More than 20 cm
Less than 1 cm
More than 14 cm
Between 6 and 10 cm
Between 11 and 15 cm
Example :
The possibility that the district will have a rainfall of less
than 1 cm is extremely low.

10. Look and read :

The above diagram represents the proportion of jobs to
men in various industries. In ship-building, for example ,
there are many more workers than jobs, so there is
serious unemployment

Give the name of :

a). An industry which has too many workers, or not enough jobs.
b). An industry which has too few workers.
c). An industry where the ratio of men to jobs is exactly one to one.
Unemployment is increasing. What are the relative possibilities of
workers in
different industries keeping or losing their jobs?
d). If a man works in the chemical industries, is it probable that he
will lose his job ?
e). In which industry is a man least likely to lose his job ?
f). Is there much likelihood that a man in communications will lose his
job ? (much, some or little)
Now make five more predictions, using sentences like those in
exercise 9.

11. Look and Read

This chart shows the proportions of students entering a

university and studying different subjects.

Complete these sentences :

a). (revision) The arcas of the rectangles are .... to the numbers of
students.
b). The next student of engineering you meet will ......... be an
electrical or mechanical engineer.
c). The ..... of a student entering the university are about one in ....
d). If a student enters the university he is more likely to study ......
than .......
e). A student of ....... may well continue to do postgraduate studies.
f). .......... that he is accepted for the university, every student has
some .......... of becoming a postgraduate
g). A student of Biology ........ be in science faculty.
h). A student of ........ might become a postgraduate.
i). It is less probable that a scientist will study ....... than .........
j). It is possible that ........
k). Thre is strong possibility that .......
l). The probability that ....... is slight.
m). A student of science may .....
n). Alternatively, he may .......
o). Postgraduate students are usually .......

THANK YOU ..