Fundamentals of

Cellular and Wireless Networks

Lecture ID: ET- IDA-113/114

Tutorial-3

The Cellular ConceptTraffic and System Capacity-2-(cont.)

20.05.2012 , v05
Prof. W. Adi
Technical University of Braunschweig

IDA: Institute of Computer and Network Engineering

Cellular & Wireless Networks

Page : 1

Problem 3.1:
Consider a cellular system for which:
An average call holding time H=2 minutes and average call rate =2 calls/hour per user.
Suppose AMPS cellular system with a total of 395 traffic channels and 7-cell reuse system
is used. Assuming Erlang B distribution and a designed blocking probability not more than
1% is required.
(a)

Find the number of users in each cell and the number of performed calls per hour in each
cell
(b) Repeat (a) employing 120 sectoring
(c) Repeat (a) employing 60 sectoring
(Rap. Example 3.9 Ed. 2002)

Technical University of Braunschweig

IDA: Institute of Computer and Network Engineering

Cellular & Wireless Networks

Page : 2

Solution 3.1:
(a)

Traffic Intensity for each user:

A = H = (2/60) x 2 = 0.006 Erlangs/user.

u

Number of simultaneous users per cell is:

395 (voice channels) 56.42 = 57 channels
7 Cells/cluster
Given C=57, B=1% A = 44.2 Erlangs (From Erlang B Table).
Total number of users per cell:
U= (A/Au)=(44.2/0.006) 669.7 = 670 users/cell.
No. of calls = 670 x 2 calls/hour = 1,340 calls/hour.

(b)

For 120 sectoring: the number of simultaneous users per sector is:
57 channels = 19 channels
3
Given C=19, B=1% A = 11.2 Erlangs (From Table).

Technical University of Braunschweig

IDA: Institute of Computer and Network Engineering

Cellular & Wireless Networks

Page : 3

Total number of users per sector:

Usec= (A/Au)=(11.2/0.006) 169.7 = 170 users/sector.
Total number of users/cell: U = 3 x 170 = 510 users/cell.
No. of calls = 510 x 2 calls/hour = 1,020 calls/hour.

(c)

For 60 sectoring: the number of simultaneous users per sector is:

57 channels 9.5 = 10 channels
6
Given C=10, B=1% A = 4.46 Erlangs (From Table).
Total number of users per sector:
Usec= (A/Au)=(4.46/0.006) 67.57 = 67 users/sector.
Total number of users/cell: U = 6 x 67 = 402 users/cell.
No. of calls/hour = 402 x 2 calls/hour = 804 calls/hour.

Technical University of Braunschweig

IDA: Institute of Computer and Network Engineering

Cellular & Wireless Networks

Page : 4

Technical University of Braunschweig

IDA: Institute of Computer and Network Engineering

Cellular & Wireless Networks

Page : 5

Lees Microcell Zone Concept

135
each

1
(Controls all 3 zones)

2
3

Large central sender is replaced by 3 or more low power senders (coverage radius is retained)
3 zones act as receivers but only the best receiving zone sites sends
When the mobile moves, the zone may change but the channel remains (no handover is necessary)
Co-channel interference is small and N=3 can be used instead of N=7.
Thus the capacity is increased by the factor 7/3 = 2.33

Technical University of Braunschweig

IDA: Institute of Computer and Network Engineering

Cellular & Wireless Networks

Page : 6

Channel Planning for Wireless Systems

Total badwidth= f2 f1
B kHz/channel
Total number of channels k = f2 f1/ B

f1
B
1

10

11

f2

12

...

Allocated frequency

Channel spacing
Example: 3B channel spacing
within the cell

c1
1

10

11

12

c2
Channel assignment Strategies:
1. Fixed channel assignment strategy
2. Dynamic channel assignment strategy
(read Ch 2.3 in textbook)

c3

Frequency distribution in adjacent cells

Typically 5% of the channels are used for control, mostly 1 control channel/cell
Rest channels for payload (voice, data, ...)

Technical University of Braunschweig

IDA: Institute of Computer and Network Engineering

Cellular & Wireless Networks

Page : 7

Problem 3.2:
Sketch the fixed channel allocation in AMPS (Analog FDMA) and IS-136 (digital FDMA/TDMA)
Cellular system
{7,14,21,28..}
For A cellular cluster size of N=7

{1,8,15,22..}

Solution:

3
Both systems use 12.5 MHz bandwidth with 30 kHz per channel
5
A total of 416 channels are available
4
21 are used for control and 395 for voice communication
In AMPS every channel carries one voice call in IS-136 every channel carries 3 calls in TDMA
We have 395 channels per cluster and N=7 cells/cluster.
Number of channels/cell=395/7=56.42, therefore 56 or 57 channels/cell are used.
Cell 1 has channels: ( 1,
Cell 2 has channels: ( 2,
Cell 3 has channels: ( 3,
Cell 4 has channels: ( 4,
Cell 5 has channels: ( 5,
Cell 6 has channels: ( 6,
Cell 7 has channels: ( 7,

8, .....
9, .....
10, ....
11, ....
12, ....
13, ....
14, ....

, 393),
, 394),
, 395),
, 389),
, 390),
, 391),
, 392),

ch. number=(1 + 7. t ), where t = 0 to 56

ch. number=(2 + 7. t ), where t = 0 to 56
ch. number=(3 + 7. t ), where t = 0 to 56
ch. number=(4 + 7. t ), where t = 0 to 55
ch. number=(5 + 7. t ), where t = 0 to 55
ch. number=(6 + 7. t ), where t = 0 to 55
ch. Number= (7 + 7. t ), where t = 0 to 55
Total sum= 395 channels

(57 channels)
(57 channels)
(57 channels)
(56 channels)
(56 channels)
(56 channels)
(56 channels)

Fixed channel spacing within a cell is 7

example 5.17 in the Book: principles of Wireless Networks, by K. Pahlavan and P. Krishnamurthy (corrected)
Technical University of Braunschweig

IDA: Institute of Computer and Network Engineering

Cellular & Wireless Networks

Page : 8

Problem 3.3:
Sketch the fixed channel allocation in GSM using 125 channels each 200 KHz in FDMA mode
(total bandwidth for one way is 25 MHz). Every channel carries 8 voice channels in
TDMA mode.
A typical cluster size of N=4 is used

Solution:
A total of 124 channels are availablefor voice communication and 1 channel for control.
For A cellular cluster size of N=4
Cell 1 has channels: ( 1,
Cell 2 has channels: ( 2,
Cell 3 has channels: ( 3,
Cell 4 has channels: ( 4,

5,
6,
7,
8,

.....
.....
.....
.....

, 120)
, 121)
, 122)
, 123)

Fixed channel spacing within a cell is 4

31 channels/cell

1
3

2
1

4
3

2
1

4
3

example 5.16 from the Book: principles of Wireless Networks, by K. Pahlavan and P. Krishnamurthy)
Technical University of Braunschweig

IDA: Institute of Computer and Network Engineering

Cellular & Wireless Networks

Page : 9