Ccna2 CH 2 CDP Static Route TonyChen

Static Routing
Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 2

Modified by Tony Chen
10/28/2008
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Notes:
If you see any mistake on my PowerPoint slides or if

you have any questions about the materials, please
feel free to email me at chento@cod.edu.
Thanks!
Tony Chen
College of DuPage
Cisco Networking Academy
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
Objectives
Define the general role a router plays in networks.
Describe the directly connected networks, different

router interfaces
Examine directly connected networks in the routing

table and use the CDP protocol
Describe static routes with exit interfaces
Describe summary and default route
Examine how packets get forwarded when using

static routes
Identify how to manage and troubleshoot static routes
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
General Role of the Router

Functions of a Router
Best Path Selections
Forwarding packets to destination
Routers perform packet forwarding by learning about

remote networks and maintaining routing information.
The routers primary forwarding decision is based on Layer 3
information, the destination IP address.
The router's routing table is used to find the best match
between the destination IP of a packet and a network address
in the routing table.
The routing table will ultimately determine the exit interface to
forward the packet and the router will encapsulate that packet
in the appropriated data link frame for that outgoing interface.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public

Introducing the Topology
The figure shows the topology used in this chapter.
3 1800 series routers connected via WAN links
Each router connected to a LAN represented by a switch and a PC
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public

Connections of a Router for WAN
-A router has a DB-60 port that can support 5
different cabling standards
Newer routers support the smart serial
interface that allows for more data to be
forwarded across fewer cable pins.
Connections of a Router for Ethernet

-2 types of connectors can be used: Straight
through and Cross-over

Straight through used to connect:
-Switch-to-Router, Switch-to-PC,
Hub-to-PC, Hub-to-Server
Cross-over used to connect (pin 1 connected
to pin 3, and pin 2 connected to pin 6):
-Switch-to-Switch, PC-to-PC,
Switch-to-Hub, Hub-to-Hub,
Router-to-Router, PC-Router
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
General Role of the Router in COD

Smart Serial cables: DCE and DTE
-Use straight cable to connect between
the DTE and DCE..
DCE and DTE Adapter
Ethernet cables:
Cross-over cable: RED cable
Roll-over cable: flat cables
Straight cable: all other cables
http://www.csdata.com/csdonline/customer/home.php
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
Serial Connectors
DTE
DCE
DCE
DTE
DCE
DTE
In our labs we will use serial DTE/DCE cables (no

CSU/DSU) with a DTE cable connected to one router and
a DCE cable connected to the other router.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
Interfaces
Examining Router Interfaces
-Show IP router command used to view routing table
-Show Interfaces command used to show status of an interface

-Show IP Interface brief command used to show a portion of
the interface information on a condensed format
-Show running-config command used to show configuration
file in RAM
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
Interfaces
Configuring an Ethernet interface
-By default all serial and Ethernet interfaces are down
-To enable an interface use the No Shutdown command
The show ip route
command is used to
display the routing table.
Initially, the routing table is
empty if no interfaces have
been configured.
Static routes and dynamic
routes will not be added to
the routing table until the
appropriate local interfaces
have been configured on
the router.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
10
Verifying Ethernet interface

- Show interfaces - command shows the status and gives a detailed
description for all interfaces on the router
Show interfaces fastEthernet 0/0 command used to show status of
fast Ethernet port
R1#show interfaces fastethernet 0/0
FastEthernet0/0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
Administratively down means that the interface is currently in the shutdown mode, or turned off.
Line protocol is down means, in this case, that the interface is not receiving a carrier signal from
a switch or the hub. This condition may also be due to the fact that the interface is in shutdown
mode
You will notice that the show interfaces command does not show any IP addresses on R1's
interfaces. The reason for this is because we have not yet configured IP addresses on any of the
interfaces.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
11
Interfaces

Show run
command displays the current configuration file that
the router is using. Configuration commands are
temporarily stored in the running configuration file
and implemented immediately by the router.
However, using show running-config is not
necessarily the best way to verify interface
configurations.
-Show ip interface brief

-can be used to see a portion of the interface
information in a condensed format.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
12

By default, all router interfaces are shutdown. To enable this interface,
use the no shutdown command, which changes the interface from
administratively down to up.
R1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
The following message is returned from the IOS:
*Mar 1 01:16:08.212: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0,
changed state to up
*Mar 1 01:16:09.214: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on
Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
The first changed state to up message indicates that, physically, the
connection is good. If you do not get this first message, be sure that the
interface is properly connected to a carrier signal from switch or a hub.
The second changed state to up message indicates that the Data Link
layer is operational.
However, WAN interfaces in a lab environment require clocking
on one side of the link. If you do not correctly set the clock rate,
then line protocol will not change to up.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
13

Unsolicited Messages from IOS
The IOS often sends unsolicited messages.
As you can see in the figure, sometimes these
messages will occur when you are in the middle
of typing a command, such as configuring a
description for the interface.
The IOS message does not affect the command,
but it can cause you to lose your place when typing.
In order to keep the unsolicited output separate

from your input, enter line configuration mode for
the consoled port and add the logging
synchronous command, as shown. You will see
that messages returned by IOS no longer
interfere with your typing.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
14
Interfaces
-Show interfaces fastEthernet 0/0
Reading the Routing Table

Now look at routing table shown in the figure.
Notice R1 now has a "directly connected"
FastEthernet 0/0 interface a new network.
The interface was configured with the
172.16.3.1/24 IP address which makes it a
member of the 172.16.3.0/24 network.
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
The C at the beginning of the route indicates
that this is a directly connected network. In other
words, R1 has an interface that belongs to this
network.
The /24 subnet mask for this route is displayed
in the line above the actual route.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
15
Interfaces
Reading the Routing Table
Having a single route represent an entire
network of host IP addresses makes the
routing table smaller, with fewer routes,
which results in faster routing table
lookups.
It means that this route matches all
packets with a destination address
belonging to this network.
The routing table could contain all 254
individual host IP addresses for the
172.16.3.0/24 network, but that is an
inefficient way of storing addresses.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
16
Interfaces
show interfaces fastethernet 0/0
show ip interface brief
The show interfaces fastethernet 0/0 command in
the figure now shows
The interface is up, and the line protocol is up. The
no shutdown command changed the interface from
administratively down to up.
Notice that the IP address is now displayed.
The command show ip interface brief in the figure

shows that the interface is up, and the line
protocol is up. (in a condensed format)
Typically, the router's Ethernet or FastEthernet
interface will be the default gateway IP address for
any devices on that LAN.
For example, PC1 would be configured with a IP
address belonging to the 172.16.3.0/24 network, with
the default gateway IP address 172.16.3.1.
172.16.3.1 is router R1's FastEthernet IP address.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
17
Ethernet Interfaces Participate in ARP

A router's Ethernet interface participates
in a LAN network just like any other
device on that network.
This means that these interfaces have a
Layer 2 MAC address, as shown in the figure.
The show interfaces command displays the
MAC address for the Ethernet interfaces.
If a router has a packet destined for a device
on a directly connected Ethernet network, it
checks the ARP table for an entry with that
destination IP address in order to map it to
the MAC address.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
18
Interfaces
Configuring a Serial interface
-Enter interface configuration mode
-Enter in the ip address and subnet mask
-Enter in the no shutdown command
Example:
-R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
-R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
-R1(config-if)#no shutdown
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
19
Interfaces
R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
R2(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
There is no requirement that both ends of the serial link use the same interface, (0/0/0, 0/0/1,
0/1/0, 0/1/1, .)
in this case, Serial 0/0/0. However, because both interfaces are members of the same network,
they both must have IP addresses that belong to the 172.16.2.0/24 network.
If we now issue the show interfaces serial 0/0/0 command on either router, we still see that the
link is up/down.
R2#show interfaces serial 0/0/0

Serial0/0/0 is up, line protocol is down
The physical link between R1 and R2 is up because both ends of the serial link have been
configured correctly with an IP address/mask and enabled with the no shutdown command.
However, the line protocol is still down. This is because the interface is not receiving a clock
signal.
There is still one more command that we need to enter, the clock rate command, on the router
with the DCE cable. The clock rate command will set the clock signal for the link.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
20
Interfaces
Step 1
Nothing is configured
Step 2
Setup IP but not no shut
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Step 3
Setup no shut
Step 4
Configured the clock rate
Cisco Public
21
Examining Router Interfaces

-Physically connecting a WAN Interface.
-A WAN Physical Layer connection has sides:
Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) This is the service
provider. CSU/DSU is a DCE device.
The CSU/DSU (DCE device) is used to convert the data from the router (DTE
device) into a form acceptable to the WAN service provider.
a DCE device such as a CSU/DSU will provide the clock.
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Typically the router is the DTE

device.
Up-to-date technology
Cisco 1-Port T1/Fractional T1

DSU/CSU WAN Interface Card
(WIC-1DSU-T1-V2=)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
22
- What is the significant of the

information 1?
Interfaces
For serial links that are directly interconnected, as in a
lab environment, one side of a connection must be
considered a DCE and provide a clocking signal.
You can also distinguish DTE from DCE
1) by looking at the connector between the two cables.
The DTE cable has a male connector, whereas the DCE
cable has a female connector.
2) If a cable is connected between the two routers, you
can use the show controllers command to determine
which end of the cable is attached to that interface.
R1#show controllers serial 0/0/0
Interface Serial0/0/0
Hardware is PowerQUICC MPC860
DCE V.35, no clock
<output omitted>
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
23
Interfaces
Once the cable is attached, the clock can now be set with
the clock rate command.
The available clock rates, in bits per second, are

1200, 2400, 9600, 19200, 38400, 56000, 64000,
72000, 125000, 148000, 500000, 800000,
1000000, 1300000, 2000000, and 4000000.
Some bit rates might not be available on certain
serial interfaces.
R1(config)#interface serial 0/0
R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
01:10:28: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on
Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
Note: If a router's interface with a DTE cable is configured
with the clock rate command, the IOS will disregard the
command and there will be no ill effects.
Use the show controllers serial 0/0/0 to

find out whether it is a DTE or DCE cable.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
24
Testing
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Verifying the Serial Interface Configuration

R1#show interfaces
R1#show ip interface brief
R1#ping 172.16.2.2
R1#show ip route
Cisco Public
25
Routing Table Concepts

The show ip route command reveals the content of the routing table.
The main purpose of a routing table is to provide the router with paths to
different destination networks.
The routing table consists of a list of "known" network addresses

directly connected,
configured statically,
learned dynamically.
POP Quiz:
Can R1 ping R2?
Can PC1 ping PC2?
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
26
Routing Table Concepts

Purpose of the debug ip routing command
Allows you to view changes that the router performs when adding or
removing routes in real time
3 disable interfaces with the shutdown command.
debugging with the debug ip routing command

1 enable
Configuring the IP address and Subnet Mask
4 Check the routing table

2
Check the routing table
5
Never use the debug all command on the production router.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Disable debug ip
routing by using
either the undebug
ip routing command
or the undebug all
command.
Cisco Public
27
Routing Table and CDP Protocol

When a router only has its interfaces configured &
no other routing protocols are configured then:
-The routing table contains only the directly connected
networks
-Only devices on the directly connected networks are
reachable
The output in this figure verifies that all
configured interfaces are "up" and "up".
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
POP Quiz:
Why
pings
failed?
Cisco Public
28

When a router only has its interfaces configured, and the
routing table contains the directly connected networks but
no other routes, only devices on those directly connected
networks are reachable.
R1 can communicate with any device on the 172.16.3.0/24
and 172.16.2.0/24 networks.
R2 can communicate with any device on the 172.16.1.0/24,
172.16.2.0/24, and 192.168.1.0/24 networks.
R3 can communicate with any device on the 192.168.1.0/24
and 192.168.2.0/24 networks.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
29

Checking each route in turn
The ping command is used to
check end to end connectivity
Ping 172.16.3.1 failed
Route does not match any
route in the routing table
Ping 192.168.1.1 succeed

192.168.1.0/24, matches the
first 24 bits of the destination
IP address
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
30

Purpose of CDP
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a powerful
network monitoring and troubleshooting tool.
CDP runs at the Data Link layer connecting the physical
media to the upper-layer protocols (ULPs).
Because CDP operates at the Data Link layer, two or more
Cisco network devices, such as routers that support different
Network layer protocols (for example, IP and Novell IPX), can
learn about each other.
A layer 2 cisco proprietary tool used to gather information

about other directly connected Cisco devices.
enables you to access a summary of protocol and address
information about Cisco devices that are directly connected.
the types of devices that are connected,
the interfaces they are connected to,
the interfaces used to make the connections,
the model numbers of the devices.
..
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
31

Concept of neighbors
-2 types of neighbors
Layer 3 neighbors
At Layer 3, routing protocols consider neighbors to be
devices that share the same network address space.
R1 and R2 are neighbors. Both are members of the
172.16.1.0/24 network.
R2 and R3 are also neighbors because they both share
the 192.168.1.0/24 network.
But R1 and R3 are not neighbors because they do not
share any network address space.
Layer 2 neighbors
CDP operates at Layer 2 only. Therefore, CDP
neighbors are Cisco devices that are directly connected
physically and share the same data link.
R1 and S1 are CDP neighbors.
R1 and R2 are CDP neighbors.
R2 and R3 are CDP neighbors.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Notice the difference between Layer 2 and

Layer 3 neighbors. The switches are not
neighbors to the routers at Layer 3, because
the switches are operating at Layer 2 only.
However, the switches are Layer 2 neighbors
to their directly connected routers.
Cisco Public
32

CDP is on by default.
CDP exchanges hardware and software
device information with its directly connected
CDP neighbors.
CDP show commands

Show cdp neighbors command
-Displays the following information:
Neighbor device ID
Local interface
Holdtime value, in seconds
Neighbor device capability code
Neighbor hardware platform
Neighbor remote port ID
Show cdp neighbors detail command

-It can also reveals the IP address of
a neighboring device
knowing the IP address of the CDP neighbor is
often allows you to telnet into that device.
and a lot more

IOS version
Platform

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
33

Disabling CDP
CDP be a security risk
Because some IOS versions send out CDP advertisements
by default, it is important to know how to disable CDP.
If you need to disable CDP globally, for the entire device, use
this command:
Router(config)#no cdp run
If you want to use CDP but need to stop CDP advertisements
on a particular interface, use this command:
Router(config-if)#no cdp enable
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
34
Static Routes
A router can learn about remote networks in one of two ways:
Manually, from configured static routes
Automatically, from a dynamic routing protocol
Dynamic routing protocols are introduced in the next chapter.
Purpose of a static route

A manually configured route used when routing from a network to a stub
network
A stub network is a network accessed by a single route.

For an example, here we see that any
network attached to R1 would only have
one way to reach other destinations,
whether to networks attached to R2 or
to destinations beyond R2.
Therefore, network 172.16.3.0 is a stub
network and R1 is a stub router.
Running a routing protocol between R1
and R2 is a waste of resources
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
35
Static Routes
IP route command
To configure a static route use the following command: ip route
Example:
-Router(config)# ip route network-address subnetmask {ip-address | exit-interface }
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
36
Static route operation Example: Fly from Chicago to LA
Chicago
OHare
Los
Angeles
Chicago OHare Airport Los Angeles

RTR(config)# ip route prefix mask {address | interface}
Los
Angeles
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
OHare
Cisco Public
37
Static Routes
Remember R1 knows about its directly
connected networks.
These are the routes currently in its
routing table.
The remote networks that R1 does not

know about are:
172.16.1.0/124 - The LAN on R2
192.168.1.0/24 - The serial network
between R2 and R3
192.168.2.0/24 - The LAN on R3
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
38
Static Routes
R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
Dissecting static route syntax
ip route - Static route command
172.16.1.0 Destination network address
255.255.255.0 - Subnet mask of destination
network
172.16.2.2 - Serial 0/0/0 interface IP address
on R2, which is the "next-hop" to this network
show ip route output

S - Routing table code for static route
172.16.1.0 - Network address for the route
/24 - Subnet mask for this route; this is
displayed in the line above, known as the parent
route, and discussed in Chapter 8
[1/0] - Administrative distance and metric for
the static route (explained in a later chapter)
via 172.16.2.2 - IP address of the next-hop
router, the IP address of R2's Serial 0/0/0
interface
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
39
Static Routes
R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
show ip route output
S - Routing table code for static route
172.16.1.0 - Network address for the route
/24 - Subnet mask for this route; this is
displayed in the line above, known as the parent
route, and discussed in Chapter 8
[1/0] - Administrative distance and metric for
the static route (explained in a later chapter)
via 172.16.2.2 - IP address of the next-hop
router, the IP address of R2's Serial 0/0/0
interface
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
40
Static Routes
Configuring routes to 2 or more remote networks
Use the following commands for R1
-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
172.16.2.2
-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
172.16.2.2
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
41
Static Routes
Zinins 3 routing principles
Principle 1: "Every router makes its decision alone, based on the information it has
in its own routing table.
R1 has three static routes in its routing table and makes forwarding decisions
based solely upon the information in the routing table.
R1 does not consult the routing tables in any other routers.
Making each router aware of remote networks is the responsibility of the network
administrator.
Principle 2: "The fact that one router has certain information in its routing table does
not mean that other routers have the same information.
The network administrator would be responsible for ensuring that the next-hop
router also has a route to this network
Using Principle 2, we still need to configure the proper routing on the other
routers (R2 and R3) to make sure that they have routes to these three networks.
Principle 3: "Routing information about a path from one network to another does not
provide routing information about the reverse, or return path.
Most of the communication over networks is bidirectional. This means that
packets must travel in both directions between the end devices involved.
Using Principle 3 as guidance, we will configure proper static routes on the other
routers to make sure they have routes back to the 172.16.3.0/24 network.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
42
Static Routes
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
43
Static Routes with next-hop IP address

Resolving to an Exit Interface
-Recursive route lookup - Occurs when the router has to perform multiple
lookups in the routing table before forwarding a packet. A static route that
forwards all packets to the next-hop IP address goes through the following
process (reclusive route lookup)
(Step 1) The router first must match static routes destination IP
address with the Next hop address
The packet's destination IP address is matched to the static route
192.168.2.0/24 with the next-hop IP address 172.16.2.2.
(Step 2) The next hop address is then matched to an exit interface

The next-hop IP address of the static route, 172.16.2.2, is matched to the
directly connected network 172.16.2.0/24 with the exit interface of Serial 0/0/0.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
44
Static Routes with Exit Interfaces
Configuring a Static route with an Exit

Interface
-Static routes configured with an exit interface

are more efficient because the routing
The routing table can resolve the exit interface
in a single search instead of 2 searches
If the static route cannot be resolved to an

exit interface, the static route is removed from
the routing table
Notice from the debug output that all three
static routes were deleted when the Serial 0/0/0
interface was shut down.
They were deleted because all three static
routes were resolved to Serial 0/0/0.
However, the static routes are still in the R1's
running configuration. If the interface comes
back up (is enabled again with no shutdown),
the IOS routing table process will reinstall these
static routes back into the routing table.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
45

Modifying Static routes
Existing static routes cannot be modified. The old static route
must be deleted by placing no in front of the ip route
Example:
-no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
A new static route must be rewritten in the configuration
R1(config)# no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0/0/0
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
46

Verifying the Static Route Configuration
-Use the following commands
Step 1 show running-config
Step 2 verify static route has been entered correctly
Step 3 show ip route
Step 4 verify route was configured in routing table
Step 5 issue ping command to verify packets can
reach destination and that Return path is working
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
47
Static route operation
Both types of the routes

all have distance of 1
and metric of 0.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
48
Ethernet interfaces and ARP.

If
a static route is configured on an Ethernet link
If the packet is sent to the next-hop router then

the destination MAC address will be the address of the next
hops Ethernet interface
This is found by the router consulting the ARP table.
If an entry isnt found then an ARP request will be sent out
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 fa 0/1
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
49

R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 fastethernet 0/1
Best not to use only an exit interface with Ethernet interfaces.
Router will have difficulty determining the destination MAC address.
With Ethernet networks, many different devices can be sharing the
same multiaccess network, including hosts and even multiple routers.
Router will not have sufficient information to determine which device
is the next-hop device.
Use both the next-hop interface and the exit interface for
Ethernet exit interfaces.
Only a single route lookup now needed.
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 fastethernet 0/1 172.16.2.2
The routing table entry for this route would be:
S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2 FastEthernet0/1
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
50
Summary and Default Route

Summarizing routes reduces the size of the routing
table.
Route summarization is the process of combining a
number of static routes into a single static route.
For example, the networks 10.0.0.0/16, 10.1.0.0/16,
10.2.0.0/16, 10.3.0.0/16, 10.4.0.0/16, 10.5.0.0/16, all the way
through 10.255.0.0/16 can be represented by a single network
address: 10.0.0.0/8.
Multiple static routes can be summarized into a single

static route if:
The destination networks can be summarized into a single
network address, and
The multiple static routes all use the same exit-interface or
next-hop IP address
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
51
Calculating a summary route
Here's the process of creating the summary route

172.16.1.0/22, as shown in the figure:
1. Write out the networks that you want to summarize in
binary.
2. To find the subnet mask for summarization, start with
the left-most bit.
3. Work your way to the right, finding all the bits that
match consecutively.
4. When you find a column of bits that do not match,
stop. You are at the summary boundary.
5. Now, count the number of left-most matching bits,
which in our example is 22. This number becomes
your subnet mask for the summarized route, /22 or
255.255.252.0
6. To find the network address for summarization, copy
the matching 22 bits and add all 0 bits to the end to
make 32 bits.
By following these steps, we can discover that the 3

static routes on R3 can be summarized into a single
static route, using the summary network address of
172.16.0.0 255.255.252.0:
ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.252.0 Serial0/0/1
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
52
Example: Calculating a summary route

Which address can be used to
summarize networks 172.168.0.0 /24
through 172.168.7.0 /24?
10101100 10101000 00000000 00000000
10101100 10101000 00000001 00000000
10101100 10101000 00000010 00000000
10101100 10101000 00000011 00000000
10101100 10101000 00000100 00000000
10101100 10101000 00000101 00000000
10101100 10101000 00000110 00000000
10101100 10101000 00000111 00000000
Answer:
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
53
Example: Calculating a summary route

Which address can be
used to summarize
networks
11000000
192.1.1.0/27
192.1.1.32/27
192.1.1.64/28
192.1.1.80/28
192.1.1.96/29
192.1.1.104/29
192.1.1.112/29
192.1.1.120/29
00000001 00000001 00000000
11000000 00000001 00000001 00100000

11000000 00000001 00000001 01000000
11000000 00000001 00000001 01010000
11000000 00000001 00000001 01100000
11000000 00000001 00000001 01101000
11000000 00000001 00000001 01110000
11000000 00000001 00000001 01111000
Answer:
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
54
Summary Route
Configuring a summary route
Step 1: Delete the current static route
R3(config)#no ip route 172.16.1.0
255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1
255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1
255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1
Step 2: Configure the summary static route

R3(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.252.0 serial0/0/1
Step 3: Verify the new static route

show ip route
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
ping
Cisco Public
55
Summary Route
Static routes and subnet masks
The routing table lookup process will use the most specific match
when comparing destination IP address and subnet mask
For example, what if we had the following two static routes in the
routing table
S 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 and
S 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
Consider a packet with the destination IP address 172.16.1.10. This

IP address matches both routes.
The routing table lookup process will use the most-specific match.
Because 24 bits match the 172.16.1.0/24 route, and only 16 bits of
the 172.16.0.0/16 route match, the static route with the 24 bit match
will be used.
This is the longest match.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
56
Default Route
Default Static Route
This is a route that will match all packets.
Like route summarization this will help reduce
the size of the routing table
Default static routes are used:

When no other routes in the routing table match the
packet's destination IP address. A common use is
when connecting a company's edge router to the ISP
network.
When a router has only one other router to which it
is connected. This condition is known as a stub
router.
Configuring a default static route

Similar to configuring a static route. Except
that destination IP address and subnet mask
are all zeros
Example:
-Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0 [exit-interface | ip-address ]
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
57
Summary and Default Route

R1 is a stub router.
It is only connected to R2.
Currently R1 has three static routes,
which are used to reach all of the remote
networks in our topology.
All three static routes have the exit
interface Serial 0/0/0, forwarding packets
to the next-hop router R2.
R1 is an ideal candidate to have all of

its static routes replaced by a single
default route.
First, delete the three static routes
Next, configure the single default static
route using the same Serial 0/0/0 exit
interface
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
58
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

Verify the change to the routing table
with the show ip route command
S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
Note the * or asterisk next to the S.

As you can see from the Codes table in
the figure, the asterisk indicates that this
static route is a candidate default route.
The key to this configuration is the /0

mask.
We previously said that it is the subnet
mask in the routing table that determines
how many bits must match between the
destination IP address of the packet and
the route in the routing table.
A /0 mask indicates that zero or no bits
are needed to match.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
59
Self test: Static and static default route

Can you use both static and
static default route to
configure the communication
between both LANS and the
communication to the
Internet.
-Only 3 statement of static route
needed to setup the network.
-1 static route
-2 default static route
WinterPark(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.146.1

Altamonte(config)# ip route 10.0.234.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.146.2
Altamonte(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/1
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
60

Troubleshooting a Missing Route
Tools that can be used to isolate routing problems
include:
Layer 3
-Ping tests end to end connectivity

-Traceroute used to discover all of the hops (routers) along the
path between 2 points
-Show IP route used to display routing table & ascertain
forwarding process
Layer 2
-Show ip interface brief- used to show status of router

interfaces
-Show cdp neighbors detail used to gather configuration
information about directly connected neighbors
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
61

Solving a Missing Route
Finding a missing or mis-configured route requires
methodically using the correct tools
-Start with PING. If ping fails then use traceroute to determine
where packets are failing to arrive
- Than trace route
Issue: show ip route to examine routing table.

-If there is a problem with a mis-configured static route remove
the static route then reconfigure the new static route
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
62
Summary
Routers
-Operate at layer 3
-Functions include best path selection & forwarding packets
Connecting Networks
WANs
Serial cables are connected to router serial ports.
In the lab environment clock rates must be configured for
DCE
LANs
Straight through cables or cross over cables are used to
connect to fastethernet port. (The type of cable used
depends on what devices are being connected)
Cisco Discovery Protocol
A layer 2 proprietary protocol
Used to discover information about directly connected Cisco devices
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
63
Summary
Static Routes
-This is a manually configured path that specifies how the router will get to a
certain point using a certain path.
Summary static routes
-This is several static routes that have been condensed into a single static
route.
Default route
-It is the route packets use if there is no other possible match for their
destination in the routing table.
Forwarding of packets when static route is used
-Zinins 3 routing principles describe how packets are forwarded
Troubleshooting static routes may require some of the following commands:
-Ping
-Traceroute
-Show IP route
-Show ip interface brief
-Show cdp neighbors detail
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
64
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
65

Ccna2 CH 2 CDP Static Route TonyChen

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ccna2 CH 2 CDP Static Route TonyChen

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Static Routing

Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 2

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

If you see any mistake on my PowerPoint slides or if

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Define the general role a router plays in networks.

Describe the directly connected networks, different

Examine directly connected networks in the routing

Describe static routes with exit interfaces

Describe summary and default route

Examine how packets get forwarded when using

Identify how to manage and troubleshoot static routes

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

General Role of the Router

Routers perform packet forwarding by learning about

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

General Role of the Router

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

General Role of the Router

Connections of a Router for Ethernet

through and Cross-over

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

General Role of the Router in COD

DCE and DTE Adapter

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

In our labs we will use serial DTE/DCE cables (no

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

-Show Interfaces command used to show status of an interface

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Verifying Ethernet interface

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Verifying Ethernet interface

-Show ip interface brief

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Configuring an Ethernet interface

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Configuring an Ethernet interface

In order to keep the unsolicited output separate

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reading the Routing Table

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The command show ip interface brief in the figure

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ethernet Interfaces Participate in ARP

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

R2#show interfaces serial 0/0/0

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Examining Router Interfaces

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Typically the router is the DTE

Cisco 1-Port T1/Fractional T1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

- What is the significant of the

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The available clock rates, in bits per second, are

Use the show controllers serial 0/0/0 to

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Verifying the Serial Interface Configuration

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.