Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TO A PRESENTATION ON
INSULATION- CO-ORDINATION
BY
A.SAI PRASAD SARMA
INSULATION CO-ORDINATION
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Determination of Insulation
coordination contd.
Steps in the determination of Insulation
coordination
Determination of live Insulation
Selection of BIL and Insulation levels of
other equipment
Selection of Lightning Arrestors.
LINE INSULATION
Switching
Surge flash
over
220kV
6.5 V pn
0.3
400kV
3.3
5.0 V pn
Vpn = Phase to Neutral Voltage (rms)
Add one or two more Insulators for each string.
9
10
14
15
25
375
415
565
600
900
540
590
785
830
1280
860
945
1265
1345
2145
RECOMMENDED INSULATION
LEVEL OF LINE
Normal Vpn
Switching over No of
system In kV
volt. (Wet) kV * discs
Voltage (Vph/3)
required
132kV 76
76 x6.5=495
5
220kV 127
127x6.5=825 9
400kV 231
231x5=1755
13
* Compared with Impulse FOV (Value)
RECOMMENDED INSULATION
LEVEL OF LINEcontd.
Normal
system
Voltage
Vpn
In kV
Power freq.
over volt
(wet)
(kVrms)
132kV
76
76x3=228
9/10
220kV
127
127x3=381
10
11
13/14
400kV
231
231x3=762
20
22
23/24
1
2
Highest
system
volt kV
(rms)
Impulse withstand
volt kVp for test
Full
Reduced
insulation insulation
Full
Reduced
insulation insulation
132 kV
145
650
550
275
230
220 kV
245
1050
900
460
395
400 kV
420
1550
680
1425
630
INSULATION LEVELS OF
EQUIPMENT
Transformers, Isolators, Instrument
Transformers are manufactured for the standard
Insulation level.
Some times transformers, are manufactured for
one step lower insulation level for the sake of
economy. (LAs will be designed for a still lower
level)
Where LAs are provided right on the top of the
transformer, some of the equipment may lie well
out side the protective zone of the LA.
INSULATION LEVELS OF
EQUIPMENT
Protective zone is determined based on
A
With stand level of equipment
B
Discharge volt of LA
C
Distance between LA and equipment.
Such equipment shall be designed for one step
higher Bill.
Generally BILL of substation equipment other
than transformer are designed for10% higher
BIL than that of Transformer .
INSULATION LEVELS OF
EQUIPMENT
BIL of Open poles of a disconnect switch
shall be 10 to 15% higher than that
provided between poles and earth.
INSULATION CO-ORDINATION
Over Voltage
Let Un = line to line normal RMS voltage
Let Um = Rated highest system voltage rms line
to line
2 Un / 3 = Peak of rms voltage phase to
ground for nominal system voltage
2 Um / 3 = Peak of rms voltage phase to
ground voltage for highest system voltage
Any voltage higher than 2/ 3 Um is called
over voltage
Over voltages
Data required:
1. Field data on lightning induced and
switching surges appearing on the
system
2. Establishing insulation strength of
various insulating components of the
system through lab tests
Switching surges
They are of short duration and irregular form
Typical switching impulse standard form is the 250/2500
sec. ( time to crest/ time to half value way)
The magnitude of internally operated switching surges is
related to the system operating voltage
In a system where CBS are not subjected to multi re
striking the switching surges will rarely exceed 3 pu
2.5 pu would be typical maximum based on which the
discharge duty of LA is assessed
However in systems above 300 kV, it may be necessary
to suppress maximum switching surges to 2 pu or less
by the installation of a shunt reactor and/or closing
resistors on the circuit breakers
Resonance effects
Direct stroke
A direct stroke can be to the earthed tower
top or on phase conductor
Stroke on earthed lower top, for
transmission of shielded design, is
innocuous
Raise in potential caused by passage of
current through tower impedance to earth
will be less than with stand strength of line
Direct strokecontd.
However the rise in potential can be
severe and exceed with stand capability, if
Tower footing resistance is high
Rate of rise of current exceeds a certain level
Direct strokecontd.
Direct stroke on phase conductor
May occur if there is a shielding failure i.e. stroke avoids
earth wire and lands on line conductor.
Discharge current flows equally in both directions.
Impedance to earth is half the surge impedance (Z0) of
the conductor. IN a 400 kV line Z0 = 175 ohms
Voltage rise is sufficient to cause failure of line insulation
Minimum critical current for flash over Ic = 2 V I0
Z0
VI0 = minimum flash over voltage for 1/50 Wave
Surge propagation:
Surge waves are propagated at the velocity of
light along the conductor
On arrival at substation, equipment there in get
stressed.
Rod gaps and surge arrestors provide necessary
protection
Waves
are
subjected
to
considerable
attenuations due to losses both in the conductor
(ohmic losses) and corona losses
Lightning discharges
Clarification of lightning discharges
stroke (A)
stroke (B)
Stroke (A) : produced by the charged cloud which induces
a charge on the stationery objects such as high buildings
etc.
Charge distribution causes concentration of potential at the
top most point
Electro static stress being great at that point ionization of
surrounding atmosphere takes place
Dielectric strength of surrounding air decreases giving an
easy path to lightning stroke.
Decrease in dielectric strength of surrounding air takes
considerable time
Lightning discharges
Stroke B:
A, B & C are three clouds with A and C positively
charged and B negatively charged
When there is a stroke between (A) and (B) the charge
on (C) becomes free and immediately and
indiscriminately strikes on any object on the ground
For stroke (B) there is no time lag
Stroke (B) may completely ignore highest building and
strike bare ground.
No protection can be arranged against stroke `B`
Stroke `A` can be made safe by channelising the charge
through a lightning conductor placed on the top of the
building
Lightning strokes
Over voltage due to lightning strokes
surge impedance of the line = Zs
Discharge current
= Id
Over voltage due to direct stroke = Vd = Id x Zs
However current travels in both directions
over voltage = Vd = Id x Zs
2
when lightning strikes over earth wire or a tower
Over voltage = Id x Ze + Lc di
dt
Ze = impedance of earth wire
Lc is the inductance of the line conductor
Earth wires
Disadvantages with ground wire:
(a) higher line cost
(b) Probable direct shorting between line
conductor and ground wire when the later
gets cut
In 400kV system transmission line towers
will have twu earth wires.
Applications and
Remedial Actions
Phenomena
Opening of capacitor
bank currents, cable
charging circuits, filter
banks
Switching of shunt
Re strike in circuit
capacitor banks used for breakers giving over
p.f. correction.
voltage.
- Use of re strike free C.B.
for capacitor switching
duty.
EHV lines
* Closing unloaded
lines
* Closing charged
lines
* Auto re closing of
C.B.
Traveling waves
travel to and fro
giving rise to a
switching surge.
Method to reduce
switching over voltage
Energising an uncharged
line
Elimination of trapped
charged on the line
Reduction of current
chopping
Opening resistors
( Resistance switching with
CB) used only with ABCB
Method to reduce
switching over voltage
Effect
Remedies
Surges
Lightning strokes on
overhead lines or
substation
-Use of Ground
wire
- Surge Diverters
-Earthing of
towers
-Lightning Masts
Switching
surges
-Use of opening
resistors with C.B.
- Use of restrike
free C.B.
-Use pre-insertion
resistors with C.B.
Causes
Effect
Remedies
Filters to
eliminate
harmonics
Traveling
waves
Sustained
Power
frequency
over
voltage
Failure of
-Proper Voltage
transformers and
control
Rotating Machines
Where applied
Remarks
Rod gaps
-Difficult to coordinate
-Create dead short
circuit
-Cheap
Overhead Ground
Wires (earthed)
-Provide effective
protection against
direct strokes on line
conductors towers sub
station equipment
Vertical Masts in
substations
-- in sub stations
-instead of providing
overhead shielding
wires
Lightning Masts/Rods
(earthed)
Protect buildings
against direct strokes.
Angle of Protection
= 300
Where applied
Remarks
Surge Arresters
-- on incoming lines in
each substation
-Near terminals of
Transformers and
generators
-Near motor and
generators terminals
Surge Absorbers
-Resistance
Capacitance
Combination absorbs
the over voltage surge
and reduces steepness
of wave
Types of Earthing
For purpose of selection of voltage rating of a LA
three types of earthing are considered
(I) Effective earthed system: a system is effectively
earthed if under any fault condition the line to
earth voltages of healthy phases do not exceed 80
% of the system line to line voltage
If in a system all transformers have star connected
winding with neutrally solidly earthed then the
system is effectively earthed
However if only few transformers are earthed like
that, it is not effectively earthed system
80%
- 100 %
Protective margin of LA
Protective margin of LA = BIL of the equipment--maximum discharge voltage of LA
While determining protection level offered by a LA 10%
allowances towards drop in lead length and
manufacturing tolerance shall be allowed.
Protective margin shall be 20% of the BIL of the
equipment when closely located
In a 220 kV system
Discharge voltage of LA = 649 kV
Allowing 10 % margin protection level = 713 kV
BIL of equipment = 900 kVp
Protection margin = 900-713 = 187 kVp
There is more than 20 % of the BIL of 180 kV
132
220
145
245
120/132
198/216
400
420
336
Rated syst.
voltage KV
BIL KV
Peak
Max.
distance
132kV
550
650
35.0
45.0
220kV
400kV
900/1050
1425/1550
Closer
to
Trans.