Recall Last Lecture

DC

Analysis and Load Line

Input load line is based on the equation derived from

BE loop.
Output load line is derived from CE loop.
To complete your load line parameters:

Obtained the values of IB from the BE loop

Get the values of x and y intercepts from the derived I C

versus VCE.

Draw the curve of IB and obtained the intercept points I C and

VCE (for npn) or VEC (for pnp) which is also known as the Q
points

Voltage Transfer
Characteristic
VO versus Vi

Voltage Transfer Characteristics - npn

A plot of the transfer characteristics (output voltage versus input

voltage) can also be used to visualize the operation of a circuit or
the state of a transistor.

Given VBEon = 0.7V, = 120, VCEsat = 0.2V, Develop the voltage transfer
curve

Vo (V)
5

Cutoff

0.7

In this circuit, Vo = VC = VCE

Initially, the transistor is in cutoff mode because Vi is too small
to turn on the diodes. In cut off mode, there is no current flow.
Then as Vi starts to be bigger than VBEon the transistor operates
in forward-active mode.

Vi (V)

Active Mode

BE Loop
100IB + VBE Vi = 0

IB = (Vi 0.7) / 100

CE Loop
I C RC + V O 5 = 0

IC = (5 VO) / 4

IB = (5 VO) / 4

IB = (5 VO) / 480

Equate the 2 equations:

(Vi 0.7) / 100 = (5 VO) / 480
Vo = - 480 Vi + 836 A linear equation with

100

= 120

negative slope

Vo (V)
Cutoff
5

Active

Saturation

0.2
0.7

1.7
x

Vi (V)

To find point x,
the coordinate
is (x, 0.2)

However, as you increase Vi even further, it reaches a point where both

diodes start to become forward biased transistor is now in saturation mode.
In saturation mode, VO = VCEsat = 0.2V. So, what is the starting point, x, of the
input voltage, Vi when this occurs?

Need to substitute in the linear equation Vi = 1.7 V

and VO stays constant at 0.2V until Vi = 5V

Voltage Transfer Characteristics - pnp

Vo (V)

saturation
Vo = 4.8

VEB
VEC

= 80

Vo = VC and VE = VCC

Vi (V)

Hence, VEC = VCC VO VO = VCC - VEC

As Vi starts from 0V, both diodes are forward biased. Hence, the transistor
is in saturation. So, VEC = VECsat and Vo = VCC VEC sat

As Vi increases, VB will become

more positive than VC, the junction
C-B will become reverse-biased. The
transistor goes to active mode.

The point (point x) where the

transistor start to become active is
based on the equation which is
derived from active mode operation

BE Loop
200IB + 0.7 + Vi 5 = 0
IB = (4.3 Vi ) / 200

CE Loop
ICRC - VO = 0
IC = VO / 8
80 IB = VO / 8
IB = VO / 640

VEB
VEC

Equate the 2 equations:

(4.3 - Vi) / 200 = VO / 640
Vo = - 640 Vi + 2752
200

A linear equation with

negative slope

= 80

Vo (V)
saturation
Vo = 4.8

VEB
VEC

= 80

Active

To find point x,
the coordinate
is (x, 4.8)

cutoff
2.8xV

4.3

Vi (V)

By increasing Vi even more, the potential difference between VEB becomes less
than VEBON, causing junction E-B to become reversed biased as well. The diode
will be in cut off mode. VO = 0V

Using the equation derived:

Vo = - 640 Vi + 2752
200
when Vo = 0, then, Vi = 4.3 V

Bipolar Transistor
Biasing

Bipolar Transistor Biasing

Biasing refers to the DC voltages applied to the

transistor for it to turn on and operate in the
forward active region, so that it can amplify the
input AC signal

Proper Biasing Effect

Ref: Neamen

Effect of Improper Biasing on

Amplified Signal Waveform

Ref: Neamen

Three types of biasing

Fixed Bias Biasing Circuit
Biasing using Collector to Base Feedback Resistor
Voltage Divider Biasing Circuit

Biasing Circuits Fixed Bias Biasing

Circuit

The circuit is one of the simplest transistor circuits is known as

fixed-bias biasing circuit.

There is a single dc power supply, and the quiescent base current

is established through the resistor RB.

The coupling capacitor C1

acts as an open circuit to dc,
isolating the signal source
from the base current.

Typical values of C1 are in

the rage of 1 to 10 F,
although the actual value
depends on the frequency
range of interest.

Example Fixed Bias Biasing Circuit

Determine the following:
(a) IB and IC
(b) VCE
(c) VB and VC

NOTE: Proposed to use branch current equations and node voltages