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Optical fibers
work on the
principle of
TIR
N.S. Kappany
A device made by
Alexander Graham
Bell made of mirrors
and selenium
detectors that
transmitted sound
waves over a beam
of light.
photophone
John L. Baird
and C.W.
Flexible
Persons who
developed an optical
fiber with losses less
than 2 dB/km.
humidity which
makes silicon
dioxide crystals to
interact, causing
bonds to break
down and results in
fracture.
Stress
corrosion
(sometimes called
A coating which is
applied to the
outside of the
cladding to avoid
static fatigue.
special lacquer,
silicone, or acrylate
Materials commonly
used for buffer
jacket in fiber
optics.
Steel, fiberglass,
plastic, flameretardant PVC,
The outermost
covering in a fiber
optic cable.
Polyurethane jacket
characteristics and do
not propagate light as
effectively as glass.
Therefore, plastic fibers
are limited to relatively
short cable runs, such as
within a single building.
But they are easier to
install, can better
withstand stress, are
A compound which
prevents the
intrusion of water
in the fiber and
thus prevents
stress corrosion or
static fatigue.
Polyurethane
The process of
moving an
electron from one
energy level to
another.
Adsorption
The process of
decaying from one
energy level to
another energy
level.
Spontaneous decay
or spontaneous
The science of
measuring only
light waves that
are visible to the
human eye.
Photometry
Measures light
throughout the
entire
electromagnetic
spectrum
Radiometry
Violet
wavelengths are
refracted the most
, whereas red
wavelengths are
refracted the
least.
Advantage of
single-mode step
index:
Minimum dispersion
Wider bandwidth
and higher
Disadvantage of
single-mode step
index:
Difficulty in coupling
light into or out
Expensive and
difficult to
A graphical
representation of
the magnitude of
refractive index
across the fiber.
Index profile
Used to describe
the lightgathering or lightcollecting ability
of an optical
ability of the fiber.
Numerical Aperture
A type of
absorption which
is caused by
valence electrons
in the silica
material from
which fibers are
manufactured.
Ultraviolet
absorption which
is a result of
photons of light
that are absorbed
by atoms of the
glass core
molecules.
Infrared
absorption
A type of
absorption caused
caused by OH ions
in the material
Ion resonance
Chromium, Iron
and copper
molecules also
cause ion
absorption
Loss in light
power due to light
rays that escape
the fiber
Rayleigh scattering
Chromatic
distortion occurs
only in fibers with
single mode of
transmission.
Bending which
occurs as a result
of differences in
the thermal
contraction rates
between the core
and the cladding
Microbending
material.
excessive
pressure and
tension and
generally occur
when fibers are
bent during
handling
or
Constant-radius
Is sometimes
called pulse
spreading caused by the
difference in the
propagation times
of light rays that
Modal
dispersion
take
different
For multimode
propagation,
dispersion is often
expressed as
bandwidth length
product (BLP) or
The wavelength
equivalent of
bandwidth.
Linewidth
spontaneous
Spontaneous
emission - light is
emitted as a
result of the
recombination of
electrons and
holes.
often called
surface emitters.
Their primary
disadvantage is
the
nondirectionality
of their light
Homojunction
Heterojunction
A depletion-layer
photodiode and is
probably the most
common device used
as a light detector in
fiber optic
communication
systems.
PIN diode
process results in
avalanche and thus,
are more sensitive
than PIN diodes and
require less additional
amplification.
Disadvantage is lower
transit time and more
APD
noise.
Responsivity is
expressed in
amperes per watt
Determines the
maximum bit
rate possible
Transit time
The wavelength
values that a
given
photodiode will
respond.
Spectral response
Developed the
first laser using
ruby crystals
with a xenon
flash lamp
Theodore Maiman
Developed the
helium laser
A. Javin
a solid,
cylindrical
crystal, such as
ruby, for an
active medium.
The ruby is
excited
a
Solidby
lasers
Commonly called
ILD. The output
light from an ILD
is easily
modulated.
Semiconductor
Causes laser
action (lasing) to
occur.
Population inversion
PROBLEM
A fiber has an index
of refraction of 1.6
for the core and 1.4
for the cladding.
Calculate:
a) the critical angle
o
b) 2 for 1 = 30
o
ANSWERS
o
a) 61
o
b) 34.8
o
c) 70
Calculate the
numerical aperture
and the maximum
angle of acceptance
for the fiber with
index of refraction
of 1.6 for the core
and 1.4 for the
ANSWER
o
0.775 and 50.8
A single-mode fiber
has a numerical
aperture of 0.15.
What is the
maximum core
diameter it could
have for use with IR
with a wavelength
rmax = 0.383 /
N.A.
ANSWER
4.2 m
PROBLEM
Find the energy, in
electron-volts, in
one photon at a
wavelength of 1 m
h = 6.67 x 10 J-s
-19
1 eV = 1.6 x 10 J
-34
ANSWER
1.24 eV