Pre-stressed concrete = Pre-compression concrete

Pre-compression stresses is applied at the place when

tensile stress occur
Concrete weak in tension but strong in compression

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Cl.
Cl. 4.3
4.3

Cl.
Cl. 4.1.3
4.1.3 4.1.8
4.1.8

Cl.
Cl. 4.3.4
4.3.4

Cl.
Cl. 4.12
4.12

Cl. 4.3.6
4.3.6
Cl.

Cl. 4.11
4.11
Cl.

Cl. 4.3.7
4.3.7
Cl.

Cl.
Cl. 4.8
4.8

Cl. 4.3.4
4.3.4 4.3.5
4.3.5
Cl.

Cl. 4.11.3
4.11.3
Cl.

Cl. 4.3.8
4.3.8
Cl.

TENSION
COMPRESSION

AT TRANSFER

AT SERVICEABILITY

AT SERVICEABILITY

Cl. 4.8.2
Cl. 4.8.3
Cl. 4.8.64.8.5
Cl. 4.9.2 4.9.4

RELAXATION OF STEEL

Losses = Relaxation factors 1000h relaxation test valu

ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE

Losses = Average stress in concrete at the tendon level E

CONCRETE SHRINKAGE

Losses = Concrete shrinkage strain Es

CONCRETE CREEP

Losses = Specific creep strain

adjacent to the tendons Es

SLIP AND MOVEMENT DURING ANCHORING

Losses = Slip during anchorage

Es
Tendon length

LOSS OF PRESTRESS DUE TO FRICTION

LOSS OF PRESTRESS DUE TO FRICTION

LOSS OF PRESTRESS DUE TO FRICTION

w kN/m

8m

fc

y1
h
y2
Mmax = wL2/8

Tensile stress, ft = fc = Mmax/Z = Mmaxy/I

where I = bh3/12 and y1 = y2 = h/2
Therefore;
ft = fc = (wL2/8)(h/2) (bh3/12)
= 0.75wL2/bh2
= Let say 7 N/mm2

_
ft

Prestress force, P is then applied to eliminate tensile stress

P

fc

14
N/mm2

_
ft 7 N/mm2

P/A

Stress due
to loading

Stress due
to force P

0 N/mm2
Total stress

7 + P/A = 0
Prestress force, P required to eliminate tensile
stress = 7A = 7bd kN

If the prestress force, P applied is not at centroid

fc

14
N/mm2

=
+

ft 7 N/mm2
Stress due
to loading

P/A

Pe/Z

Stress due to force P

0 N/mm2
Total stress

7 + P/A + Pe/Z = 0
Prestress force, P required to eliminate tensile
stress = 7 / [(1/A) + (e/Z)] kN

AT TRANSFER
Ma = Moment due to self weight

P
Ma/Z

Pe/Z
1

P/A

+
_
Ma/Z2
Stress due
to self
weight

f1p
ftp

+
+
Pe/Z

P/A
2
Stress due to force P

+
f2p
fmp stress
Total

AT SERVICE
wk kN/m

Ma/Z

Mk/Z

Ma/Z2

Mk/Z2

Stress due
to self
weight

Stress due
to wk kN/m

P/A

f1k
fmk
+

Pe/Z
1

P/A

=
+
Pe/Z
2

Stress due to force P

f2k ftk
Total stress

At Transfer
Ma/Z1 + P/A Pe/Z1 ftp
Ma/Z2 + P/A + Pe/Z2 fmp
At Service
Ma/Z1 + Mk/Z1 + P/A Pe/Z1 fmk
Ma/Z1 Mk/Z1 + P/A + Pe/Z2 ftk

wk = 20 kN/m

P
15 m

Rectangular beam = b h = 300 950 mm. Prestress

force, P = 2000 kN acted at e = 200 mm below centroid.
Prestress losses at transfer and service is 10% and 20%,
respectively.
(a)If fcu = 40 N/mm2 and beam is class as Class 2
structure, determine the allowable stress limit according
to BS 8110.
(b)Draw the stress distribution diagram at mid-span
during transfer and service. Then, compare the value
with the allowable stress limit in (a).

Cross sectional area, Ac = 300 950 = 2.85 105 mm2

Moment of inertia, Ixx = (300)(950)3/12 = 2.14 1010 mm4
Modulus of section, Z1 = Z2 = Ixx/y = 2.14 1010 / 475 = 4.51
107 mm3

Stress limit for Class 2, fcu = 40 N/mm2, fci = 28 N/mm2

At Transfer (Cl. 4.3.5)
fmp = 0.5fci = 0.5(28) = 14 N/mm2
ftp = 0.45fci = 0.4528 = 2.38 N/mm2
At Service (Cl. 4.3.4)
fmk = 0.33fcu = 0.5(40) = 13.2 N/mm2
ftk = 0.45fcu = 0.4540 = 2.90 N/mm2

Stress Distribution
At Transfer
Self weight, wa = (Ac)(24) = (2.85 105)(24) 10-6 = 6.84
kN/m
Ma maximum at mid-span = waL2/8 = (6.84)(152)/8 = 192.4
kNm
Stress at top fibre
f1p
= Ma/Z1 + P/A Pe/Z1
= 5.37 N/mm2
Stress at bottom fibre
f2p
= Ma/Z2 + P/A + fPe/Z
ftp
2
1p (5.37)
_
(2.38)
= 18.01 N/mm2

FAIL

+
f2p (18.01) fmp
(14)

FAIL

Stress Distribution
At Service
Live load, wk = 20 kN/m
Mk maximum at mid-span = wkL2/8 = (20)(152)/8 = 562.5
kNm
Stress at top fibre
f1k
= Ma/Z1 + Mk/Z1 + P/A Pe/Z1
= 8.16 N/mm2
Stress at bottom fibre
f2k
= Ma/Z2 Mk/Z2 + P/A + Pe/Z2
= 3.06 N/mm2
f1k (8.16) fmk
(13.2)

PASS

_
f2k (3.06) ftk
(2.90)

FAIL

At Transfer
Ma/Z1 + P/A Pe/Z1 ftp
Ma/Z2 + P/A + Pe/Z2 fmp

---------- (1)
---------- (2)

At Service
Ma/Z1 + Mk/Z1 + P/A Pe/Z1 fmk
(3)
Ma/Z2 Mk/Z2 + P/A + Pe/Z2 ftk

---------- (4)

Rearranging Eqs. (1) (4):

P/A(eA/Z1 1) Ma/Z1 ftp
P/A(eA/Z2 + 1) Ma/Z2 fmp
P/A(1 eA/Z1) + Ma/Z1 + Mk/Z1 fmk
P/A(1 + eA/Z2) + Ma/Z2 + Mk/Z2 ftk

-------------------------------------

Eq. (5) + Eq. (7)

Ma/Z1 Ma/Z1 + Mk/Z1 (fmk + ftp)
Z1 ( )Ma + Mk (fmk + ftp)

---------- (9)

Eq. (6) + Eq. (8)

----------

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

A Class 1 prestressed concrete beam with an effective

length of 20 m is simply supported at both ends. A dead
and live service load of12 kN/m and 10 kN/m, respectively
is applied to the beam apart from its self weight. The
concrete strength is 40 N/mm2 and the transfer is made on
day 7. The short-term and long-term losses is 10% and
20%, respectively. Design the suitable beam cross section
if a rectangular section is used.

From Table 7.1: BS 8110: Part 2: 1985, for fcu = 40

N/mm2, then fci = 28 N/mm2
Stress limit for Class 1;
At Transfer (Cl. 4.3.5)
fmp = 0.5fci = 0.5(28) = 14 N/mm2
ftp = 1.0 N/mm2
At Service (Cl. 4.3.4)
fmk = 0.33fcu = 0.5(40) = 13.2 N/mm2
ftk = 0 N/mm2

Mk = (10 + 12) 202/8 = 1100 kNm

From Eq. (9):
(fmk + ftp) = 0.9(13.2) + 0.8(1.0) = 12.68 N/mm2
Z1 ( )Ma + Mk (fmk + ftp)
Z1 (0.1Ma + 990) 106 / 12.68
From Eq. (10):
(ftk + fmp) = 0.9(0) + 0.8(14.0) = 11.2 N/mm2
Z2 ( )Ma + Mk (ftk + fmp)
Z2 (0.1Ma + 990) 106 / 11.2

Since Z2 Z1, only Z2 is checked to find

the suitable cross section of the beam

For rectangular cross section

Z1 = Z2 = Ixx/y = bh3/12 (h/2) = bh2/6
Try 400 mm 1000 mm
Self weight, wa = 0.4 1.0 24 = 9.6 kN/m
Moment due to self weight, Ma = 480 kNm
Z2

(0.1 480 + 990) 106 / 11.2

92.6 106 mm3

Z = 400 10002/6 = 66.7 106 mm3 Z2

Increase size
Try 400 mm 1200 mm
Self weight, wa = 0.4 1.2 24 = 11.52 kN/m
Moment due to self weight, Ma = 576 kNm
Z2

(0.1 576 + 990) 106 / 11.2

93.5 106 mm3

TARMAC TOPFLOOR

TARMAC TOPFLOOR