SMA Negeri 1 Lemahabang

2016 Astronomy Olympiad

Practice
An Introduction to Cosmology

By Maman Rukmana

What is the Cosmology?

In cosmology, we will learn about:
Einsteins Relativity
Universe
Hubbles Law
Model of Universe

Einsteins Relativity
The first is Special Relativity
That the light velocity is constant. So, if we
move nearest with light velocity, we can have
time dilatation.
The second is General Relativity
That the gravitational force is curve of space
and time, not a attract between two things.

The show that Einstein Relativity

The show that Einsteins Relativity theory
are:
Presition of Mercurys orbit
Curve the light by gravitational filed
Gravitational redshift
Muon particle in atmosphere

Lorentz Transformation
Assume a vector in r = xi + yj + kz. And
assume an observation in K calculate the
event at t. In the assume, we can find the four
dimension coordinate. All points are spacetime.
If other observation is K, two coordinate is
different but the space-time coordinate is
representstive same place and time.
That statement is a tranformation concept,
are the arrangement that relation two
coordinate (x, y, z) and (x, y, z).

Long Contraction and Time Dilatation

Long contraction is:

Time dilatation is:

Start of Universe
Big Bang Theory
Universe was created from big bang which
flung many matter to all space.
Cosmolog:
Georges
Lemaitre,
Albert
Einstein, Alexander Friedmann and Stephen
Hawking

Steady State Theory

Universe not start and not end, but in steady
state with expansion by constant velocity
and create the new matter where that matter
as galaxies.
Cosmolog: Fred Hoyle, Herman Bondi and
Thomas Gold

Hubbles Law
Radial velocity for sky object which
keepa away from us is approximately
with distance
Relation Vr = H0 d
Where:
Vr = radial velocity (km/s)
H0

= Hubbles Constant (km/s/Mpc)

d = distance to us (Mpc)

Find Radial Velocity (Spectroscopy)

In spectrum of sky object (0), object that
keep away from us, will show the redshift

So:
Vr = z c
where c is light velocity (3 x 105 km/s)
But, for relativity:

Hubbles Constant
Hubbles Constant is a constant which show
a parameter of age universe, is young or old.
With the time is not stop, value of Hubbles
Constant is to small
Why?
Analysis with your argument!

Model of Universe
In cosmology, model of universe are:
1. Single component
2. Multiple component
.How the model of universe by simple and
multiple component?
.Read and learn together!

Single Component
According single component,
universe are:
1. Curvature only
2. Spatially flat universe
3. Matter only
4. Radiation only
5. Lambda only

model

of

Curvature only
A particularly simple universe is one which is
empty (no radiation, no matter, no
cosmological constant, no contribution to
of any sort).
Relation:

Splatially flat universe

Setting the energy density equal to zero is one
way of simplifying the Friedmann equation.
Relationa:

In a flat universe dominated by matter (w = 0)

or by radiation (w = 1=3).

Matter only
Let's now look at specific examples of spatially
flat universes, starting with a universe
containing only non-relativistic matter (w = 0).
The age of such a universe is

and the horizon distance is

Radiation only
Thus, at early times - long before the time of
radiation matter equality - the universe was
well described by a spatially flat, radiationonly
model. In an expanding, flat universe
containing only radiation, the age of the
universe is

and the horizon distance is

Lambda only
In a Steady State universe, the density of the
universe remains constant because of the
continuous creation of real particles. If, in a
flat, lambda-only universe, you see a light
source with a redshift z, the proper distance to
the light source, at the time you observe it, is
(upper panel)
And lower panel

Multiple component
According multiple component, model of
universer are:
1. Matter + Curvature
2. Matter + Lambda
3. Matter + Curvature + Lambda
4. Radiation + Matter
5. Benchmark Model

Matter + Curvature
In a curved universe containing nothing but
matter, the ultimate fate of the cosmos is
intimately linked to the density parameter 0.
The Friedmann equation in a curved and
matter:
Given this parametric form, it is easy to show
that the time that elapses between the Big
Bang at = 0 and the Big Crunch at = 2 is

Matter + Lambda
The Friedmann equation for the flat matter
plus lambda" universe reduces to

and will collapse back down to a = 0 at a

cosmic time

Matter + Curvature + Lambda

By choosing different values of m,0 and ,0,
without constraining the universe to be at,
we can create model universes with scale
factors a(t) which exhibit very interesting
behavior. Start by writing down the
Friedmann equation for a curved universe
with both matter and a cosmological
constant:

Radiation + Matter
In our universe, radiation-matter equality
took place at a scale factor arm = 2,8 x 10-4.
The Friedmann equation around the time of
radiation-matter equality can be written in the
approximate form

The time of radiation-matter equality, trm, can be

found by setting a = arm in equation

Benchmark Model

Large-Scale Structure of the Universe

Example
In this table is date of a objec from the universe.
Distan
Redshi
Object
ce
ft
(Mpc)
Galaxy
5.7
4000
Supernova
5.9
4250
Ia
Quasar
6.2
4500
6.4 age
5000
With date Hypernova
of the table, estimate
of universe for:
a. Flat Only
b. Matter Only
c. Radiation Only

Answer
Distan
Redshi
ce
ft
(Mpc)

Vr

5.7

4000 286925

5.9

4250 287657

6.2

4500 288645

6.4

5000 289240

Ho

Ho-H

71.7313 6.37968
1
2
67.6839 2.33233
7
6
64.1433
3-1.20831
57.8479
2-7.50371

(HoH)^2
40.700346
8
5.4397891
9
1.4600031
5
56.305693
9

65.351
103.90583
6
SUM (Ho-H)^2
3

AVERAGE Ho
STANDARD DEVIATION

5.096710535

Assume the Hubble constant is 65,35 km/s/Mpc.

Flat only
t = 1/H = 1 / (65,35 km/s/Mpc)
= 3,086 x 1019 / 65,35 = 19, 34 Billion Years
Matter only
t = 2/3H = 2 / 3 (65,35 km/s/Mpc)
= 2 * 3,086 x 1019 / 3 * 65,35 = 12,89 Billion Years
Radiation only
t = 1/2H = 1 / 2 (65,35 km/s/Mpc)
= 3,086 x 1019 / 2 * 65,35 = 9,67 Billion Years

THANK YOU