2 TTL EN 1991-1-1 Densities (05-07-08)

EN 1991-1-1: Eurocode 1: Part 1-1:
Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for

buildings
Professor Haig Gulvanessian CBE
Civil Engineering and Eurocodes Consultant,
Associate BRE,
Visiting Professor, Imperial College London
Professor Haig Gulvanessian
Scope of Presentation
EN 1991-1-1:2002 Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures Part
1-1: General actions Densities, self-weight, imposed
loads for buildings
Outline content
Compare with BS 6399 Parts 1 and 3 and BS 648
Outline UK National Annex to EN 1991-1-1
Identify topics covered in BS6399 but not in EN 1991-1-1

and vice versa
LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES
EN 1992
EN 1995
EN 1997
EN 1990
Structural safety,
serviceability and
durability
EN 1991
Actions on
structures
EN 1993 EN 1994
EN 1996 EN 1999
Design and detailing
EN 1998
Geotechnical
and Seismic
design
EN 1991-1-1: Contents
Foreword
Section 1 General
Section 2 Classification Of Actions
Section 3 Design Situations
Section 4 Densities Of Construction And Stored
Materials
Section 5 Self-weight Of Construction Works
Section 6 Imposed Loads On Buildings
Annex A (Informative) Tables For Nominal Density Of
Construction Materials, And Nominal Density And
Angles Of Repose For Stored Materials
Annex B (Informative) Vehicle Barriers And Parapets For
Car Parks
Scope of EN 1991-1-1
Design guidance and actions for the structural design of

buildings and civil engineering works, including :
- densities of construction materials and stored materials (Section 4 &
Annex A),
- self-weight of construction elements (Section 5), and
- imposed loads for buildings (Section 6),
BUT
Design of roofs - imposed loads due to occupancy and

maintenance are given only in EN 1991-1-1 (unlike BS6399
Part 3). Snow Loads on roofs are given in BS EN 1991-1-3
EN 1991-1-1: Classification of Actions
Variation in time: Permanent, Variable or Accidental
Origin: Direct or Indirect
Spatial Variation: Fixed or Free
Nature and/or structural response: Static or Dynamic

(cont)
Self-weight of construction works: generally a Permanent

Fixed action, however
If Variable with time then represented by upper and lower
characteristic values, and
If Free (e.g. moveable partitions) then treat as an
additional imposed load.
Ballast and earth loads on roofs/terraces: Permanent with
variations in properties (moisture content, depth) during
the design life being taken into account.
Imposed loads on buildings: generally Variable
Fixed or Variable Free actions
EN 1991-1-1: PERMANENT
ACTIONS
Mean(smallvariability)
1,65G
1.65G
Large
variability
Large
variability
Gk,inf
Gk,sup

(cont)
Imposed loads generally quasi-static and allow for small

dynamic effects in static structures. When dynamic
response possible, a dynamic analysis is recommended
as per the National Annex
Actions causing significant acceleration of structural

members are classified as dynamic and need to be
considered via a dynamic analysis
However for fork-lift trucks and helicopters additional

inertial loads from hoisting and take-off/landing are
accounted for through a dynamic magnification factor
applied to appropriate static load values
EN 1991-1-1: Design Situations

Permanent Loads
The total self-weight of structural and non-structural

members is taken as a single action when combinations
of actions are being considered
Where it is intended to add or remove structural or nonstructural members after construction critical load cases
need to be identified and taken into account.
Water level is taken in to account for relevant design

situations, as is the source and moisture content of
materials in buildings used for storage purposes.
EN 1991-1-1: Design Situations Imposed

loads
Where areas are likely to be subject to different categories

of loadings, the critical load case needs to be identified
and considered
For roofs of buildings, imposed loads should not be

considered to act simultaneously with snow loads or wind
actions.
EN 1991-1-1: Densities of construction and

stored materials
Characteristic values of densities of construction and

stored materials should generally be used.
Where only mean values available, they should be taken
as characteristic values in the design.
Mean values for a large number of different materials are
given in EN 1991-1-1 Annex A.
For materials not in Annex A either:
- the characteristic value of density needs to be
determined as per EN 1990, where a normal distribution
may be assumed or,
- a reliable direct assessment carried out perhaps utilising
EN 1990 Annex D.
EN 1991-1-1: Self-weight of construction

works
Generally represented by a single characteristic value

calculated from nominal dimensions, characteristic
values of densities and including, where appropriate,
ancillary elements, e.g. non-structural elements and fixed
services, weight of earth and ballast.
As in BS6399 Part 1, loads due to moveable partitions are
treated as imposed loads but in a slightly different way
and there is no minimum load on floors of offices.
EN 1991-1-1: Treatment of movable

partitions
Provided that a floor allows a lateral distribution of loads, the selfweight of movable partitions may be taken into account by a
uniformly distributed load qk which should be added to the
imposed loads of floors. This defined uniformly distributed
load is dependent on the self-weight of the partitions as
follows:
for movable partitions with a self-weight 1,0 kN/m
wall length: qk =0,5 kN/m2;
wall length: qk =0,8 kN/m2;
wall length: qk =1,2 kN/m2.
EN 1991-1-1: Self-weight of construction

works relating to highway bridges
A suite
of clauses, specific to bridges,

relating to depths of ballast/fill,
thicknesses of surface coatings, weights
of cables, pipes, service ducts and
bridge furniture.
EN 1991-1-1: Self-weight of construction works

relating to highway bridges (NA figures in yellow)
To determine the upper and lower characteristic values of self-weight of

waterproofing, surfacing and other coatings for bridges, where the variability
of their thickness may be high, a deviation of the total thickness from the
nominal or other specified values should be taken into account. Unless
otherwise specified, this deviation should be taken equal to 20 % (40%) if a
post-execution coating is included in the nominal value, and to + 40 % (+ 55
% ) and 20 % ( 40 %) if such a coating is not included.
For the self-weight of cables, pipes and service ducts, the upper and lower
characteristic values should be taken into account. Unless otherwise
specified, a deviation from the mean value of the self-weight of 20 % ( 20 % )
should be taken into account.
For the self-weight of other non structural elements such as :

hand rails, safety barriers, parapets, kerbs and other bridge funiture,
joints/fasteners,
void formers,
the characteristic values should be taken equal to the nominal values unless
otherwise specified.
EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings

Characteristic values of loads for floors and roofs for the
following types of occupancy and use:
residential, social, commercial and administration areas

garage and vehicle traffic
areas for storage and industrial activities
roofs
helicopter landing areas
barriers and walls having the function of barriers.

Loads arise due to occupancy and the values given in EN 1991-1-1
account for
normal use by persons
furniture and moveable objects,
vehicles
rare events such as concentrations of people and furniture during
times of re-organisation and refurbishment
Floor and roof areas in buildings are sub-divided into 11 categories
according to use; loads specified are represented by uniformly
distributed loads (UDL), concentrated loads, line loads or
combinations thereof.
Heavy equipment such as may be found in communal kitchens or
boiler rooms are specifically excluded from EN 1991-1-1. Need to be
agreed with the Client and the relevant Authority for specific projects.
EN 1991-1-1:: Load values associated with various

intensities of people loading

Main Categories of Use
Residential,
social, commercial and

administration areas
- 4 categories (A, B, C and D)

Areas for storage and industrial activities
- 2 categories (E1 and E2)
Garages and vehicle traffic (excluding bridges)
- 2 categories (F and G)
Roofs
- 3 categories (H, I and K)
EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings Categories

of use residential, social, commercial and
administrative
Table 6.1 Categories of use

Category
A
Specific use
Areas for domestic and
residential activities
Example
Rooms in residential buildings and houses;
bedrooms and wards in hospitals;
bedrooms in hotels and hostels kitchens and toilets.
Office areas
C1: Areas with tables, etc

where people may
Example
congregate
Rooms in (with
residentialthe
buildings and houses; e.g. areas in schools, cafes, restaurants, dining halls, reading
bedrooms
wards in defined
hospitals;
exception
of and
areas
rooms, receptions
bedrooms in hotels and hostels kitchens and toilets.
under
category
A,
B
and
Office areas
C2: Areas with fixed seats,
D1))
C1: Areas with tables, etc
Areas where people may
e.g.
in churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms,
congregate (with the
e.g. areas in schools, cafes, restaurants, dining
halls, areas
reading
exception of areas defined
rooms, receptions
lecture
halls,
assembly halls, waiting rooms, railway waiting rooms.
under category A, B and
Table 6.1 C
Categories Areas
of use
Category
A
B
C
Specific use
Areas for domestic and
residential activities
1)
D )
C2: Areas with fixed seats,

e.g. areas in churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms,
lecture halls, assembly halls, waiting rooms, railway waiting rooms.
C3: Areas without obstacles for moving people, e.g. areas in

museums, exhibition rooms, etc. and access areas in public and
C3: Areas without obstacles for moving people, e.g. areas in
buildings, hotels, hospitals, railway station forecourts
museums, exhibition rooms, etc. and access administration
areas in public and
administration buildings, hotels, hospitals, railway station forecourts
C4:Areas with possible physical activities,
e.g. dance halls, gymnastic rooms, stages .
C4:Areas with possible physical activities,

e.g. dance halls, gymnastic rooms, stages .
C5:Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for public

events like concert halls, sports halls including stands, terraces and
access areas and railway platforms.
D
Shopping areas
C5:Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for public

events like concert halls, sports halls including stands, terraces and
access areas and railway platforms.
D1: Areas in general retail shops

D2: Areas in department stores.
1)
Attention is drawn to 6.3.1.1(2), in particular for C4 and C5. See EN 1990 when dynamic effects need to be
considered. For Category E, see Table 6.3
NOTE 1. Depending on their anticipated uses, areas likely to be categorised as C2, C3, C4 may be
categorised as C5 by decision of the client and/or National annex.
D1: Areas in general retail shops
Shopping areas
D2: Areas in department stores.
NOTE 2. The National annex may provide sub categories to A, B, C1 to C5, D1 and D2
1)
NOTE 3. See 6.3.2 for storage or industrial activity
Attention is drawn to 6.3.1.1(2), in particular for C4 and C5. See EN 1990 when dynamic effects need to be
considered. For Category E, see Table 6.3
NOTE 1. Depending on their anticipated uses, areas likely to be categorised as C2, C3, C4 may be
categorised as C5 by decision of the client and/or National annex.
NOTE 2. The National annex may provide sub categories to A, B, C1 to C5, D1 and D2
NOTE 3. See 6.3.2 for storage or industrial activity
Imposed loads on buildings Loads for floors,

balconies and stairs for residential, social,
commercial and administrative use
Table 6.2 Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings
Categories of loaded areas
qk
Qk
2
[kN/m ]
[kN]
Category A
- Floors
1,5 to 2,0
2,0 to 3,0
- Stairs
2,0 to 4,0
2,0 to 4,0
- Balconies
2,5 to 4,0
2,0 to 3,0
Category B
2,0 to 3,0
1, 5 to 4,5
Category C
- C1
- C2
- C3
- C4
- C5
2,0 to 3,0
3,0 to 4,0
3,0 to 5,0
4,5 to 5,0
5,0 to 7,5
3,0 to 4,0
2,5 to 7,0 (4,0)
4,0 to 7,0
3,5 to 7,0
3,5 to 4,5
Category D
-D1
-D2
4,0 to 5,0
4,0 to 5,0
3,5 to 7,0 (4,0)

3,5 to 7,0
NOTE: Where a range is given in this table, the value may be set by the National annex. The
recommended values, intended for separate application, are underlined. qk is intended for the
determination of general effects and Qk for local effects. The National annex may define different
conditions of use of this Table.
EN 1991-1-1 - Reduction factor A for floors

Exp (6.1) - Clause 6.3.1.2(10)
Clause NA 2.5 - Clause 6.3.1.2(10) (BSI National Annex)

Reduction factors for imposed loads floors and accessible
roofs
Equation NA 2.1 should be used instead of expression 6.1
recommended in EN 1991-1-1:2002 for evaluating the reduction
factor aA,
aA = 1.0 A/1000 0.75
(NA 2.1)
where A is the area (m2) supported (see NOTE) .
NOTE: Loads that have been specifically determined from knowledge of the
proposed use of the structure do not qualify for reduction.
EN 1991-1-1 - Reduction factor A for floors.

EN 1991-1-1 Vs. NA
A (sq.m.)
A (EN 1991-1- A (EN 1991-1- A(BSI NA for

1 with o =
1 with o =
EN 1991-1-1)
0,7)
1,0)
40
0,75
0,96
0,96
80
0,63
0,84
0,92
120
0,59
0,80
0,88
160
0,56
0,78
0,84
240
0,54
0,76
0,76
EN 1991-1-1 - Reduction factor n for imposed

loads from several storeys (Clause 6.3.1.2 (11))
2 (n 2) 0
n
n
n2
Exp (6.2) Clause 6.2.1.2
Clause NA 2.6 - Clause 6.2.1.2 (11) (BSI National Annex)

Reduction factors for imposed loads from several storeys
Equation NA 2.2 should be used instead of expression 6.2 recommended in EN 1991-1-1 for
evaluating the reduction factor n,
{1.1 - n/10
(1 n 5)
n =
{0.6
(5 < n 10)
(NA 2.2)
{0.5
(n > 10)
where n is the number of storeys with loads qualifying for reduction (see NOTE).
Alternatively, load reductions based on area in NA 2.5 may be applied (i.e. if A < n.)
However, the reductions given by equation NA 2.1 cannot be used in combination with
those determined from equation NA 2.2.
NOTE: Loads that have been specifically determined from knowledge of the proposed use of
the structure do not qualify for reduction.
EN 1991-1-1 - Reduction factor n for imposed

loads from several storeys. EN 1991-1-1 Vs NA
n
n (EN 1991-1-1);
= 0,7
n (BSI NA for EN
1991-1-1)
0,9
0,9
0,8
0,85
0,7
0,82
0,6
0,8
0,6
0,79
0,6
0,78
0,6
0,77
0,6
10
0,76
0,6
EN 1991-1-1: Reduction factors n and A
2 (n 2) 0
A0
5
n
, A 0
n
7
A
n
n)
CEN, DE
FR (C, D)
EN( A )
0,90.9
UK
0,90.9
FI
CSN( A )
N( n)
CSN1( A)
N2( n0,8
)
0.8
F ( A )
UK ( A )
( n) 0,60.6
R (A, B)
n n n n n n1 n
R (A, B)
.
n
66
0,70.7
DIN2 ( A0,6
) 0.6
FR (A, B)
44
FR
R (C, D)
DIN1 ( A)
UK
n1)
22
0,80.8
Fin( A )
R (C, D)
n) 0,70.7
0,50.5
88
0,50.5
10
10
CEN
DE (A, B)
DE (C, D)
A [m2]
20
20
30
30
40
40
A
50
50
60
60
EN 1991-1-1: Remarks on imposed load
Effect of actions that cannot exist simultaneously

should not be considered together (EN 1990).
For local verification concentrated load Qk acting

alone should be considered.
Reduction factors and n should not be considered

together.
For the design of a column loaded from several

storeys, load distributed uniformly.
For the design of a floor structure within one storey,

the imposed load shall be considered at the most
unfavourable part of the influence area.
Load arrangements EN 1990 & EN 1991-1-1

Mid span bending moment of a floor structure
Chess board arrangement
Simplification in EN 1991-1-1

Residential, social, commercial and administration areas

Areas
for storage and industrial

activities

Roofs

Categories and imposed loads on floors for
storage and industrial use
Table 6.3 Categories of storage and industrial use
Category
Specific Use
E1
Areas susceptible to
accumulation of goods, including
access areas
E2
Industrial use
Table 6.4 Imposed loads on floors due to storage
Categories of loaded areas
qk
[kN/m ]
Example
Areas for storage use including
storage of books and other
documents
Qk
[kN]
Category E1
7,5
7,0
NOTE The values may be changed if necessary according to the usage (see Table 6.3 and Annex A)
for the particular project or by the National annex. qk is intended for the determination of general effects
and Qk for local effects. The National annex may define different conditions of use of Table 6.4.
EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings: Fork

lift and transport vehicles
Fork lifts and transport vehicles
Forklifts are classified into 6 classes via their hoisting capacity, which
is reflected in other characteristics such as weight and plan
dimensions.
For each class, a static axle load is defined which is then increased
by a dynamic multiplication factor dependent on whether the forklift
has solid (2,0) or pneumatic tyres (1,4). That factor is intended to
account for the inertial effects caused by acceleration and
deceleration of the hoisted load.
Where transport vehicles move on floors, either freely or guided by
rails, the actions need to be determined from the pattern of the
vehicles wheel loads. The static value of those wheel loads is
determined from permanent weights and pay loads and the spectra
of loads should be used to define appropriate combination factors
and fatigue loads.
Actions induced by forklifts


Garages
bridges)
and vehicle traffic (excluding
Roofs

Garage and traffic areas
Garage and vehicle traffic areas (excluding bridges)
Table 6.8 Imposed loads on garages and vehicle traffic areas
Categories of traffic areas
Category F Gross vehicle weight: 30kN
Category G 30kN < gross vehicle weight 160 kN
qk
Qk
[kN/m2]
[kN]
qk
Qk
5,0
Qk
NOTE 1 For category F qk may be selected within the range 1,5 to 2,5 kN/m2 and Qk
may be selected within the range 10 to 20 kN.
NOTE 2 For category G, Qk may be selected within the range 40 to 90 kN
NOTE 3 Where a range of values are given in Notes 1 & 2, the value may be set by
the National annex.
The recommended values are underlined.


Roofs

Roofs
Category H Accessible for normal maintenance and
repair only
Category I Accessible with occupancy according to

categories A to G
Category K Accessible for special services e.g.

helicopter landing areas
EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings:

Imposed loads on roofs
Table 6.10 Imposed loads on roofs of category H
Roof
Category H
qk
Qk
[kN/m2]
[kN]
qk
Qk
NOTE 1 For category H qk may be selected within the range 0,0 to 1,0 kN/m2 and Qk may be
selected within the range 0,9 to 1,5 kN. Where a range is given the values may be set by the
National Annex. The recommended values are: qk = 0,4 kN/m2, Qk = 1,0kN
NOTE 2 qk may be varied by the National Annex dependent upon the roof slope
NOTE 3 qk may be assumed to act on an area A which may be set by the National Annex. The
recommended value for A is 10m2, within the range of zero to the whole area of the roof.
NOTE 4 See also 3.3.2 (1)
EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings:

Imposed loads on roofs - helicopters
Table 6.11 Imposed loads on roofs of category K for helicopters
Class of Helicopter
Take-off load Q of
helicopter
Take-off load Qk
Dimension of the
loaded area (m x m)
HC1
HC2
Q 20 kN
20 kN < Q 60 kN
Qk = 20 kN
0,2 x 0,2
0,3 x 0,3
Qk = 60 kN

Horizontal loads on parapets and partition walls acting as
barriers
Table 6.12 Horizontal loads on partition walls and parapets
Loaded areas
Category A
qk
[kN/m]
qk
Category B and C1
qk
Categories C2 to C4 and D
qk
Category C5
qk
Category E
qk
Category F
See Annex B
Category G
See Annex B
NOTE 1 For categories A,B and C1, qk may be selected within the range 0,2 to 1,0 (0,5)
NOTE 2 For categories C2 to C4 and D qk may be selected within the range 0,8 kN/m to -1,0 kN/m
NOTE 3 For category C5, qk may be selected within the range 3,0 kN/m to 5,0 kN/m
NOTE 4 For category E qk may be selected within the range 0,8 kN/m to 2,0 kN/m. For areas of
category E the horizontal loads depend on the occupancy. Therefore the value of q k is defined as a
minimum value and should be checked for the specific occupancy.
NOTE 5 Where a range of values is given in Notes 1, 2, 3 and 4, the value may be set by the National
Annex. The recommended value is underlined.
NOTE 6 The National Annex may prescribe additional point loads Qk and/or hard or soft body impact
specification for analytical or experimental verification.
EN 1991-1-1: Annex A (informative) Tables for nominal

density of construction materials, and nominal density and
angles of repose for stored materials
Table A.1 - Construction materials-concrete and mortar
Table A.2 - Construction materials-masonry
Table A.3 - Construction materials-wood
Table A.4 - Construction materials-metals
Table A.5 - Construction materials- other materials
Table A.6 - Bridge materials
Table A.7 - Stored materials - building and construction
Table A.8 - Stored products agricultural
Table A.9 - Stored products - foodstuffs
Table A.10 - Stored products - liquids
Table A.11 - Stored products - solid fuels
Table A.12 - Stored products - industrial and general
EN 1991-1-1: ANNEX A: Table A.1 - Construction

materials-concrete and mortar
Materials
concrete (see EN 206)

lightweight
density class LC 1,0
normal weight
heavy weight
mortar
cement mortar
gypsum mortar
lime-cement mortar
lime mortar
Density
[kN/m3]
9,0 to 10,0 1)2)

10,0 to 12,0 1)2)
12,0 to 14,0 1)2)
14,0 to 16,0 1)2)
16,0 to 18,0 1)2)
18,0 to 20,0 1)2)
24,01)2)
>1)2)
19,0 to 23,0
12,0 to 18,0
18,0 to 20,0
12,0 to 18,0
Increase by 1kN/m3 for normal percentage of reinforcing and pre-stressing steel

2)
Increase by 1kN/m3 for unhardened concrete
1)
NOTE See Section 4

EN 1991-1-1: ANNEX A: Table A.4 - Construction

materials-metals
Materials
metals
aluminium
brass
bronze
copper
iron, cast
iron, wrought
lead
steel
zinc
Density
[kN/m3]
27,0
83,0 to 85,0
83,0 to 85,0
87,0 to 89,0
71,0 to 72,5
76,0
112,0 to 114,0
77,0 to 78,5
71,0 to 72,0
EN 1991-1-1: ANNEX A: Table A.12 - Stored

products - industrial and general
Products
books and documents

books and documents,
densely stored
filing racks and cabinets
garments and rags, bundled
ice, lumps
leather, piled
paper
in rolls
piled
rubber
rock salt
salt
sawdust
dry, bagged
dry, loose
wet, loose
tar, bitumen
Density
[kN/m3]
Angle
of repose
[]
6,0
8,5
6,0
11,0
8,5
10,0
15,0
11,0
10,0 to 17,0
22,0
12,0
45
40
3,0
2,5
5,0
14,0
45
45
-
NOTE See Section 4.

Table A.6 - Bridge materials

Materials
EN 1991-1-1
Annex A:
Table A6
Bridge Materials
pavement of road bridges

gussasphalt and asphaltic concrete
mastic asphalt
hot rolled asphalt
infills for bridges
sand (dry)
ballast, gravel (loose)
hardcore
crushed slag
packed stone rubble
puddle clay
pavement of rail bridges
concrete protective layer
normal ballast (e.g. granite, gneiss, etc.)
basaltic ballast
structures with ballasted bed

2 rails UIC 60
prestressed concrete sleeper with track fastenings
concrete sleepers with metal angle braces
timber sleepers with track fastenings
structures without ballasted bed
2 rails UIC 60 with track fastenings
2 rails UIC 60 with track fastenings,
bridge beam and guard rails
1)
2)
3)
Given in other tables as stored materials

Excludes an allowance for ballast
Assumes a spacing of 600mm
NOTE 1 The values for track are also applicable outside railway bridges.
NOTE 2 See Section 4.
Density
[kN/m3]
24,0 to 25,0
18,0 to 22,0
23,0
15,0 to 16,01)
15,0 to 16,01)
18,5 to 19,5
13,5 to 14,51)
20,5 to 21,5
18,5 to 19,5
25,0
20,0
26
Weight per unit bed
length 2) 3)
gk
[kN/m]
1,2
4,8
1,9
1,7
4,9
EN 1991-1-1: Annex B - Vehicle barriers and

parapets for car parks
Designated as an Informative Annex
Identical to Clause 11 of BS 6399 Part 1.

Impact force determined from:
- the mass of the vehicle,
- the velocity of the vehicle orthogonal to the barrier, and
- the deformations of both the vehicle and the barrier.
Values are given for two cases dependent upon gross mass of the
vehicle, the dividing line being a vehicle of gross mass 2500kg.
Includes the forces that barriers on access ramps are required to resist.
The National Annex requires this Annex to be used in the UK
EN 1991-1-1: Annex B - Vehicle barriers and

parapets for car parks
The horizontal
characteristic force F (in
kN), normal to and
uniformly distributed
over any length of 1,5 m
of a barrier for a car
park, required to
withstand the impact of
a vehicle is given by the
expression below:
(Clause B(2) of
BS EN 199111:2002)
F = 0,5mv2 / ( c + b)
Where :
m is the gross mass of
the vehicle in (kg)
v is the velocity of the
vehicle (in m/s) normal
to the barrier
c is the deformations
of the vehicle (in mm)
b is the deformations
of the barrier (in mm)
Example
The graph below shows the variation of F for various deformations for
the vehicle and the barrier for a car of mass 1500kg.
Thus for b = 0 and c = 100, F = 150kN
Thus for b = 100 and c = 50, F = 100kN
200
c=50 mm
F [kN]
100
c=100 mm
c=200 mm
100
200
UK National Annex for EN 1991-1-1
Gives NDPs for 10 clauses

Many NDPs are to either:
- to confirm that the recommended values in the specified
ranges are to be used, or if those values are not to be
used,
- to select alternative values
Gives decisions on using Informative Annexes A and B
UK National Annex for EN 1991-1-1 (cont)

Comment
Ranges generally permit the insertion of values from
current practice i.e. insertion of appropriate values from
BS 6399 Parts 1 and 3.
BS EN 1990 recommends partial factors for loads of
- self-weight 1,35 (c.f. UK 1,4), and
- imposed 1,5 (c.f. UK 1,6)
Thus direct insertion of UK values with EN 1990 factors
will produce smaller ultimate limit state design loads.
UK National Annex for EN 1991-1 NDPs
Clause 2.2(3) Dynamically Susceptible Structures

The NA essentially gives the design guidance from BS6399 Part 1.
Clause 5.2.3 Additional Provisions Specific for Bridges

The NA gives values for the upper and lower characteristic values of the
nominal depth and density of ballast taking into account consolidation (if
appropriate), self-weight of surface coatings and cables, pipes and service
ducts and other non-structural elements such as bridge furniture.
Clauses 6.3.1.1 Categories and 6.3.1.2 Values of Actions for

residential, social, commercial and administrative areas
The NA sub-categories and gives corresponding load values for the
categories in Table 6.1 of EN 1991-1-1. Sub-categories - essentially as Table 1
of BS6399 Part 1. Clause 6.3.1.2 gives methods for determining reduction
factors for loaded areas of floors and imposed loads in columns from several
storeys. The NA insists that the BS6399 Part 1 reduction factors should e
used.
UK NA: Categories and Values of Actions for residential, social,

commercial and administrative areas
Table 6.1(BS) Categories of use
Category
A
Specific use
Areas for
domestic and
residential
activities
Office areas
Areas where
people may
congregate
(with the
exception of
areas defined
under category
A, B and D)
Example
A1: All usages within self-contained dwelling units ( a unit occupied by a single-family or
a modular student accommodation unit with a secure door and comprising not more than
six single bedrooms and an internal corridor). Communal areas (including kitchens) in
blocks of flats with limited use (See NOTE 1) (For communal areas in other blocks of
flats, see C3 and below)
A2: Bedrooms and dormitories except those in self-contained single family dwelling units
and in hotels and motels
A3: Bedrooms in hotels and motels; Hospital Wards; Toilet Areas
A4: Billiard Rooms
A5: Balconies in single family dwelling units and communal areas in blocks of flats with
limited use (See NOTE 1)
A6: Balconies in guest houses, residential clubs and communal areas in blocks of flats
except as covered by NOTE 1
A7: Balconies Hotels and Motels
B1: Offices for general use
B2: Banking Halls
C1: Areas with tables - Public, institutional and communal dining rooms and lounges,
cafes and restaurants (See NOTE 2)
C11: Areas with tables - Reading rooms with no book storage
C12: Areas with tables - Classrooms
C2: Areas with fixed seats - Assembly areas with fixed seating (see NOTE 3)
C21: Areas with fixed seats - Places of worship
C3: Areas without obstacles for moving people - Corridors, hallways, aisles, etc. in
institutional type buildings (pedestrian traffic only, i.e. not subject to crowds or wheeled
vehicles), hostels, guest houses, residential clubs, and communal areas in blocks of flats
not covered by NOTE 1. (For communal areas in flats covered by NOTE 1, see A)
C31: Areas without obstacles for moving people - stairs, landings etc. in institutional
type buildings (pedestrian traffic only, i.e. not subject to crowds or wheeled vehicles),
hostels, guest houses, residential clubs, and communal areas in blocks of flats not
covered by NOTE 1. (For communal areas in flats covered by NOTE 1, see A)
all other buildings including hotels and motels and institutional buildings (pedestrian
traffic only).
all other buildings including hotels and motels and institutional buildings subject to
wheeled vehicles, trolleys etc.
C34: Areas without obstacles for moving people - Stairs, landings, etc. in all other
buildings including hotels and motels and institutional buildings (pedestrian traffic only)
C35: Areas without obstacles for moving people - Industrial walkways Light duty
((Access suitable for one person, walkway width approx. 600mm)
C36: Areas without obstacles for moving people - Industrial walkways/ General duty
(Regular two-way pedestrian traffic)
C37: Areas without obstacles for moving people - Industrial walkway/ Heavy Duty
(High density pedestrian traffic including escape routes)
C38: Areas without obstacles for moving people - Museum floors and art galleries for
exhibition purposes
C4:Areas with possible physical activities - Dance Halls and studios, gymnasia,
stages (See NOTE 5)
C41:Areas with possible physical activities-Drill Halls and drill rooms (NOTE 5)
C5:Areas susceptible to large crowds - Assembly areas without fixed seating, concert
halls, bars, places of worship (See NOTES 4 and 5)
C51: Areas susceptible to large crowds - Stages in public assembly areas (NOTE 5)
D1/D2: Shop floors for the sale and display of merchandise.
Shopping
Areas
NOTE 1. Communal areas in blocks of flats with limited use refers to blocks of flats not more than three storeys in
height and with not more than four self-contained dwelling units per floor accessible from one staircase.
NOTE 2. Where these same areas may be subjected to loads due to physical activities or overcrowding e.g. a hotel
dining room used as a dance floor, imposed loads should be based on sub-category C4 or C5 as appropriate.
Reference should also be made to NOTE 5.
NOTE 3. Fixed seating is seating where its removal and the use of the space for other purposes is improbable.
NOTE 4. For grandstands and stadia, see the requirements of the appropriate certifying authority.
NOTE 5. For structures that may be susceptible to resonance effects reference should be made to Section NA 2.1 of
this National Annex.
Table 6.2(BS) - Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings

Categories of Loaded
areas
Category A
- A1
- A2
- A3
- A4
- A5
- A6
- A7
Category B
- B1
- B2
Category C
- C1
- C11
- C12
- C2
- C21
- C3
- C31
- C32
- C33
- C34
- C35
- C36
- C37
- C38
- C4
- C41
- C5
- C51
Category D
- D1/D2
qk
[kN/m2]
Qk
[kN]
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
Same as the rooms to which they give
access but with a minimum of 3.0
Same as the rooms to which they give
access but with a minimum of 4.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.7
2.0
2.0
concentrated at the outer edge
2.0
concentrated at the outer edge
2.5
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
7.5
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.6
2.7
4.5
4.0
4.5
4.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.5
3.6
7.0
3.6
4.5
4.0
3.6
UK National Annex for EN 1991-1-1: NDPs
Clauses 6.3.2.1 Categories and 6.3.2.2 Values of Actions for storage

and industrial use
The NA gives the sub-categories and corresponding loads for category E1
(loads for storage) from Table 6.4 of EN 1991-1-1.
Clause 6.3.3.2 Values of Actions for garages and traffic areas

The NA replaces entries in Table 6.8 of EN 1991-1-1.
Clause 6.3.4.2 Values of Actions (imposed loads on roofs)

In the NA appropriate values replace the entries in Table 6.10 of EN 1991-1-1.
The replacement values take account of the slope of the roof and are similar
to the values for roofs accessible only for maintenance and repair given in
BS6399 Part 3.
Clause 6.4 Horizontal loads on parapets and partition walls acting as

barriers
In the NA, the entries in Table 6.12 of EN 1991-1-1 are replaced by those from
Table 4 in BS6399 Part 1.
UK NA: Categories and Values of Actions for storage and industrial

use
Table 6.3 (BS) Categories of storage and industrial use
Category
E1
Specific use
Areas susceptible to
accumulation of goods,
including access
areas.
E2
Industrial use
Examples (Sub-categories)
E1: General areas for static equipment not specified elsewhere
(institutional and public buildings)
E11: Reading rooms with book storage, e.g. libraries
E12: General storage other than those specified
E13: File rooms, filing and storage space (offices)
E14: Stack rooms (books)
E15: Paper storage for printing plants and stationery stores
E16: Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trolleys, in public
and institutional buildings
E17: Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trucks, in
warehouses
E18: Cold storage
Table 6.4 (BS) - Imposed floor loads due to storage

Category of loaded
areas
Category E1.
- E11
- E12
- E13
- E14
- E15
- E16
- E17
- E18
qk
[kN/m2]
2.0
Qk
[kN]
1.8
4.0
2.4 per metre of storage height
5.0
2.4 per metre of storage height but with a
minimum of 6.5
4.0 per metre of storage height
minimum of 9.6
minimum of 15.0
minimum of 15.0
4.5
7.0
4.5
7.0
9.0
7.0
7.0
9.0
UK NA (via PD): Categories and Values of Actions for

storage and industrial use Category E2
Table 1 Imposed loads on floors for areas of industrial use
Category
qk
Examples of specific use
of loaded
kN/m2
area
E2
(industrial
use)
Qk
kN
Communal kitchens except those

covered by occupancy class A in
Table NA.3
3,0
4,5
Operating theatres, X-ray rooms,

utility rooms
2,0
4,5
Work rooms (light industrial)

without storage
2,5
1,8
Kitchens, laundries, laboratories
3,0
4,5
Rooms with mainframe computers

or similar equipment
3,5
4,5
Machinery halls, circulation spaces

therein
4,0
4,5
Cinematographic projection rooms
5,0
To be determined
for specific use
Factories, workshops and similar

buildings (general industrial)
5,0
4,5
Foundries
20,0
To be determined
for specific use
Catwalks
1,0 at 1 m centres
Fly galleries (i.e. access structures

used in theatres to hang scenery,
curtains, etc.)
4,5 kN/m run

distributed
uniformly over
width
Ladders
1,5 rung load
UK NA: Categories and Values of Actions

1 Imposed loads on garages and vehicle traffic area
2 Imposed loads on roofs (Category H)
1
Table 6.8 (BS) Imposed loads on garages and vehicle traffic areas
Categories of traffic areas
qk
Qk
2
[kN/m ]
[kN]
Category F
2.5
10.0
Gross vehicle weight: ? 30 kN
Category G
To be determined for specific use
30 kN gross vehicle weight ?160 kN
NOTE: qk and Qk should not be applied simultaneously
Table 6.10 (BS) - Imposed loads on roofs of category H

2
Roof Slope (Degrees)
qk [kN/m ]
Qk [kN]
o
0.6
< 30
o
o
0.9
30 < 60
0.6 [(60 - )/30]
o
0
60
UK NA: Categories and Values of Actions for minimum horizontal

imposed loads for parapets, barriers and partition walls
Table 6.12(BS) - Minimum horizontal imposed loads for parapets, barriers, and
partition walls
Loaded Areas
Category A
Categories B and C1
Categories C2 - C4 and D
Category C5
Category E
Category F/G
Examples (sub-categories)
(i) All areas within or serving exclusively one
dwelling including stairs, landings etc but
excluding external balconies and edges of
roofs (see viii)
(ii) Other residential
(iii) Areas not susceptible to overcrowding in
office and institutional buildings
(iv) Restaurants and bars
(v) Areas having fixed seating within 530mm
of the barrier, balustrade or parapet
(vi) Stairs, landings, corridors and ramps
(vii) External balconies and edges of roofs.
Footways within building curtilage and
adjacent to basement/sunken areas.
(viii) All retail areas including public areas of
banks/building societies or betting shops.
For areas where overcrowding may occur,
see C5
(ix) Footways less than 3m wide adjacent to
sunken areas
(x) Theatres, cinemas, discotheques, bars,
auditoria, shopping malls, assembly areas,
studios. Footways greater than 3m wide
adjacent to sunken areas
(xi) Grandstands and stadia
(xii) industrial; and storage buildings except
as given below
(xiii) Light pedestrian traffic routes in
industrial and storage buildings except
designated escape routes
(xiv) Light access stairs and gangways not
more than 600mm wide
(xv) Pedestrian areas in car parks including
stairs, landings, ramps, edges or internal
floors, footways , edges of roofs
(xvi) Horizontal loads imposed by vehicles
qk [kN/m]
0.4
0.7
0.7
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.0
3.0
3.0
See requirements of
the appropriate UK
certifying authority
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.5
See Annex B of BS EN
1991-1-1:2002
Differences in scope between EN 1991-1-1 and

BS 6399: Part 1
The scope of EN 1991-1-1 is more comprehensive than

that of BS6399 Part 1. EN 1991-1-1 provides values for
more types of imposed loads, and also covers imposed
loads on roofs (covered by BS6399 Part 3), and the
information given in BS 648.
Two areas which are in BS6399 but not in EN 1991-1-1:
- accidental loads on key or protected elements which are
given in EN 1991-1-7, and
- vertical loads on parapets, barriers and balustrades.
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

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EN 1991-1-1: Eurocode 1: Part 1-1:

Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for

Compare with BS 6399 Parts 1 and 3 and BS 648

Outline UK National Annex to EN 1991-1-1

Identify topics covered in BS6399 but not in EN 1991-1-1

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES

Design and detailing

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Design guidance and actions for the structural design of

Design of roofs - imposed loads due to occupancy and

EN 1991-1-1: Classification of Actions

Variation in time: Permanent, Variable or Accidental

Origin: Direct or Indirect

Spatial Variation: Fixed or Free

Nature and/or structural response: Static or Dynamic

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1991-1-1: Classification of Actions

Self-weight of construction works: generally a Permanent

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1991-1-1: Classification of Actions

Imposed loads generally quasi-static and allow for small

Actions causing significant acceleration of structural

However for fork-lift trucks and helicopters additional

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1991-1-1: Design Situations

The total self-weight of structural and non-structural

Water level is taken in to account for relevant design

EN 1991-1-1: Design Situations Imposed

Where areas are likely to be subject to different categories

For roofs of buildings, imposed loads should not be

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1991-1-1: Densities of construction and

Characteristic values of densities of construction and

EN 1991-1-1: Self-weight of construction

Generally represented by a single characteristic value

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1991-1-1: Treatment of movable

EN 1991-1-1: Self-weight of construction

of clauses, specific to bridges,

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1991-1-1: Self-weight of construction works

To determine the upper and lower characteristic values of self-weight of

For the self-weight of other non structural elements such as :

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings

residential, social, commercial and administration areas

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings

EN 1991-1-1:: Load values associated with various

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings

social, commercial and

- 4 categories (A, B, C and D)

EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings Categories

Table 6.1 Categories of use

C1: Areas with tables, etc

C2: Areas with fixed seats,

C3: Areas without obstacles for moving people, e.g. areas in

C4:Areas with possible physical activities,

C5:Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for public

C5:Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for public