Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DISTILLATION COLUMNS
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
Introduction
Separation sequences are complicated by the
presence of azeotropes, often involving mixtures of
oxygenated organic compounds:
Alcohols
Ketones
Ethers
Acids
Water
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
Instructional Objectives
When you have finished studying this unit, you should:
Be able to sketch the residue curves on a tertiary
phase diagram
Be able to define the range of possible product
compositions using distillation, given the feed
composition and the tertiary phase diagram
Be able to define the PFD for a heterogeneous
azeotropic distillation system
Be able to define the PFD for a pressure swing
distillation system
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
Homogeneous Azeotropes
At equilibrium:
_ V
_ L
f f
y P x f
V
yP xP
yP xP
1 1
2 2
P x P x P x P (1 x )P
s
1 1
2 2
1 1
P (P P ) x
s
At fixed temperature
4
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
yP x P
yP x P
1 1
2 2
P x P (1 x ) P
s
1 1
2 2
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
yP x P
yP x P
1 1
2 2
P x P (1 x ) P
s
1 1
2 2
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
Heterogeneous Azeotropes
For a minimum-boiling azeotrope with large deviation
from Raoults law
), phase splitting may
i ( 1, usually 7
occur and a minimum-boiling heterogeneous azeotrope
forms, having a vapor phase in equilibrium with two liquid
phases.
Homogeneous Azeotrope
8
Heterogeneous Azeotrope
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
Residue Curves
Distillation still
As L 0:
Lx y dL Lx Ldx x dL dLdx , j 1,K , C 1
j
Rearranging:
dx
dL / L
x y x (1 K {T, P, x, y })
j
dx
dt
9
x y
j
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
dt
x y
j
10
n 1
n 1
Substituting:
dx
V
D
x
y
x
dh
L
L
n
n 1
n 1
dx
x y
dh
n
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
Distillation Curves
An exact representation of the distillation curve
(operating line) at total reflux can be calculated based on:
1- Between two adjacent stages: x n y n 1
n 0, 1,
2- On each stage: x n and y n lie at the ends of the equilibrium tie lines
12
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
When the residue curve is linear (as for binary mixtures), the
distillation and residue curves are coincide. Their differences
are pronounced in the regions with extensive curvature.
13
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
dt
14
x y
j
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
15
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
16
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
Try toluene
as an
entrainer
17
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
D1
M2
M1
S1
S2
18
D2
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
Pressure-swing Distillation
19
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
20
Azeotropic Distillation - 5
Azeotropic Distillation - 5