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Lipid Biosynthesis
Key topics:
Biosynthesis of fatty acids and eicosanoids
Biosynthesis of isoprenes and cholesterol
Cholesterol regulation
Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols, and membrane
lipids
Storage of energy
Constituents of cellular membranes
Anchors for membrane proteins
Cofactors for enzymes
Signaling molecules
Pigments
Detergents
Transporters
Antioxidants
Assimilation of
Two-Carbon Units
Condensation and
First Reduction
1 Condensation of an
activated acyl group
2 the -keto group is
reduced to an alcohol
Chain transfer
Malonyl/acetyl-CoA ACP
transferase
Insulin in
Regulation of
Fatty Acid
Synthesis
PC-Oleate Acts as
A Substrate for
Plant Desaturases
Oleic and
Linoleic Acids
are essential
Fatty acids
Oxidases, Monooxygenase,
Dioxygenase
Molecular oxygen can serve as an electron acceptor
Oxidases do not incorporate oxygen atoms into the
organic product
Oxygen atoms usually end up in hydrogen peroxide
Often use flavin as redox cofactors
Thromboxanes
Blood Clotting
Leukotrienes
Signal through G-protein Coupled receptors
Asthma and Bronchodilation
Synthesis of
Eicosanoids
Cyclooxygenase is a
target for many antiinflammatory drugs
COX-2specific cyclooxygenase
inhibitors
Biosynthesis of
Cholesterol
Summary
1. Acetyl CoA => Mevalonate
2. Mevalonate => Isoprenes
3. 6 isoprenes => squalene
4. Squalene to lanosterol
1. Formation of
Mevalonate
HMG-CoA
reductase is a
target for some
cardiovascular
drugs
Ring closure
converts
squalene to
the steroid
nucleus
Cholesteryl esters.
Esters more
hydrophobic
for storage
and
transport
LCAT on
HDL
stimulated
by apoA-I.
Receptormediated
endocytosis
Regulation of
Cholesterol
Biosynthesis
Insulin high
glucose
Glucagon low
glucose
Steroid hormones
derived from
cholesterol
Overview of
isoprenoid
biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of
phosphatidic acid
PS to PE to
phosphatidylcholine (PC) in
eukaryotes
Phospholipid
synthesis
pathways:
Summary
Biosynthesis of sphingolipids