Chapter 2: The

Anatomy and
Evolution of the

LEARNING
O B J ECTI V E S

After this chapter,

you should be able to:
LO1 Identify the major
anatomical directional terms and
planes of section.
LO2 Describe the three layers
of the meninges, the circulation
of cerebrospinal fluid, and the
major sources of blood supply to
the brain.
LO3 Describe the major
divisions and functions of the

LO5 Describe the outer

appearance and layered
structure of the cerebral cortex
and the location and function of
the four cortical lobes.
LO6 Differentiate the sensory,
motor, and association cortices.

LO7 Describe the structure

and function of the cranial and
spinal nerves.
LO8 Summarize the major
structural and functional
features of the peripheral
nervous system.
LO9 Trace the evolution of the
human nervous system.

CHAP T E R O U T L INE
Anatomical Directions and Planes of Section
Protecting and Supplying the Nervous System
The Meninges
The Cerebrospinal Fluid
The Blood Supply

The Central Nervous System

The
The
The
The

Spinal Cord
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

The Peripheral Nervous System

The Cranial Nerves
The Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System

Evolution of the Human Brain and Nervous System

Natural Selection and Evolution
Evolution of the Nervous System
Evolution of the Human Brain

Anatomical Directions and Planes and

Section

 Head of the dog is rostral to its

shoulders
The dogs ear is caudal to its nose,
and its hips are caudal to its
shoulders
Inferior or ventral- towards the belly
Superior or dorsal- toward the back

Planes and Sections

Protecting and Supplying the

Nervous System
Meninges- layers of membranes that
cover the central nervous system
and the peripheral nerves.
Meningitis
3 layers:
Dura mater
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater
Sub arachnoid space

 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- is secreted

within hollow spaces in the brain
known as ventricles.
The choroid plexus converts material
from the nearby blood supply into
cerebrospinal fluid.

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Blood Supply

Murder Case
The sirens stopped. Then, people went out of
the van to investigate a cadaver found.
According to the residents they had found him
stealing tons of gold from a treasures chest in
an old mansion house.
You are one of the forensic team who will
investigate the cadaver, then for you be able to
learn the root cause of the death of the person
you have to study about the different
structures of the nervous system
Ppt at least 5 slides

What we think, we become.

Buddha

The Central Nervous System

The
The
The
The

Spinal Cord
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

Spinal Cord
a long cylinder of nerve tissue that
extends from the medulla, the most
caudal structure of the brain, down
to the first lumbar vertebra (a bone
in the spine, or vertebral column)
The spinal cord is the original
information superhighway.

The Hindbrain
located just above the spinal cord.

 The Myelencephalon (Medulla)The gradual swelling of tissue above

the cervical
spinal cord marks the most caudal
portion of the brain, the
myelencephalon, or
medulla.

The Metencephalon
The metencephalon contains two major
structures, the pons and the cerebellum.
Pons means bridge in Latin, and one of
the roles of the pons is to form connections
between the medulla and higher brain
centers as well as with the cerebellum.
cerebellum, actually means little brain in
Latin. emphasizes its role in coordinating
voluntary movements, maintaining muscle
tone, and regulating balance.

Damages to the cerebellum

Although neuroscientists do not
agree on its exact function, most
theories propose a cerebellum that
can use past experience to make
corrections and automate behaviors,
whether they involve motor systems
or not.

The Midbrain
has a dorsal or top half known as the
tectum, or roof, and a ventral, or
bottom half, known as the
tegmentum, or covering. In the
midbrain, cerebrospinal fluid is
contained in a small channel at the
midline known as the cerebral
aqueduct.

The Forebrain
the most advanced and most
recently evolved structures of the
brain.
divisions are the diencephalon
(The Thalamus and
Hypothalamus) and the
telencephalon (symmetrical left
and right cerebral hemispheres).

Thalamus- structure in the

diencephalon
that processes sensory
information, contributes to
states of arousal, and participates
in learning and memory.

Hypothalamus- A structure found in

the
diencephalon that participates in
the regulation of hunger, thirst,
sexual behavior, and aggression;
part of the limbic system.

The Basal Ganglia

A collection of nuclei (caudate
nucleus, the
putamen, the globus pallidus, and
the subthalamic nucleus) within
the cerebral hemispheres that
participate in the control of
movement.

The Limbic System

collection of forebrain structures that
participate in emotional behavior and
learning.

 hippocampus (hip-oh-KAMPus) A
structure deep within the cerebral
hemispheres that is involved with the
formation of long-term declarative
memories; part of the limbic system.
amygdala (uh-MIG-duh-luh) An
almond-shaped structure in the
rostral temporal lobes that is part of
the limbic system.

 cingulate cortex (SING-you-let) A segment

of older cortex just dorsal to the corpus
callosum that is part of the limbic system.
septal area An area anterior to the
thalamus and hypothalamus that is often
included as part of the limbic system.
olfactory bulb (ole-FAC-to-ree) A structure
extending from the ventral surface of the
brain that processes the sense of smell;
part of the limbic system.