Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Symbol
Mixture
Physical change
chemical change
Proton
Liquid
Thermal energy
Freezing
Compound
chemical reaction
Molecule
electron
Neutron
Gas
vaporization
coalesce
matter
atomic number
atomic mass
periodic table
nucleus
evaporation
boiling
element
conservation of mass
Period
ductile
magnetic
condensation
sublimation
atom
precipitate
malleable
conductor
corrosion
superheated gases
coalesce
deposition=frost
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture
combustibility
Forces
&
Particles
Gravity
Matter
Magnetism
Anti-Matter
Forces
Gravity
Magnetism
Acts on
ALL matter
Acts on
charged particles
Always pulls
Pulls or pushes
Forces
Gravity
Magnetism
Acts on
ALL matter
Acts on
charged particles
Always pulls
Pulls or pushes
Particles
Matter
anti-Matter
Example:
electron
e-1
positron
e+1
Which pair of
elements is
MOST similar?
Ca and F
Na and Cl
Ne and Ar
the atom
the electron
the nucleus
the proton
If 1 kg of the compound
toluene melts at 95C, then
500 g of toluene will
melt at 47.5C.
melt at 95C.
boil at 95C.
boil at 47.5C.
Which formulas
represent compounds?
O2, H2O2
CO2, H2O
H2, CO2
H2, O2
Which is an example of
a chemical change?
pepper being ground
onto a salad
a match being lit
sugar being dissolved
in water
wood being chopped
melting popsicle.
spinning top.
spilled bucket of water.
rusting car fender.
Which symbol
represents carbon?
Ca
N
K
C
Particles
Matter
anti-Matter
Example:
Proton
anti-Proton
+1
-1
Up
Quarks
Matter
2
3
Leptons
electron
e-1
Down
-1
3
Particle
accelerator
Proton
Made of
3 Quarks
1 up
2 down
Neutron
Made of
3 Quarks
2 up
1 down
Laser
Electromagnetic
radiation
White Light
Mass comparison
Proton is about
2000 x electron
Electron is about
1,000,000 x photon
ee
-1
-1
Proton
Electron
Photon
DO everything be made of
matter ?
What are the building blocks of
matter ?
How many elements are there?
What B da opposite of a
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Nucleus
The Atom
Nucleus
The center of the atom.
(it has protons & neutrons)
The Atom
Proton
Mass
Charge
dalton
+1
Neutron Electron
dalton
1 dalton = 1 a.m.u.
0.0005
-1
S orbital
(2 electrons maximum)
P orbital
(6 electrons maximum)
P orbital
(6 electrons max.)
d orbitals
z
d xz
d xy
d x2-y2
d yz
d z2
x
S orbital
P orbital
P orbital
6
P orbital
10
D orbital
s orbital
Element
Atom(s) having a
specific number of
Protons.
Elements
Made of atoms (basic unit of matter)
specific number of protons.
Over 100
He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Shell
1
2
3
S
P
subshell subshell
x
1S
2S
2P
3S
3P
Atomic Number
The number of Protons
in an atom.
1 +1
1.008
Hydrogen
Happines
Unhappy
Unstable
HIGH energy
Happy
Stable
LOW energy
My fan club
Atom
Atom
Atom
Atom
atomic happiness
Electronic
Zero charge
Balance
FULL SHELL
P orbital full
(except He)
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Halogen
Neon
Noble Gas
Inert Gas
Shells
Atom
1S 2S
H 3S
He
Li
Be
2P
Shells
Atom
1S 2S
B 3S
C
N
O
2P
Shells
Atom
1S 2S
F 3S
Ne
2P
Shells
Atom
1S 2S
Na 3S
Mg
Al
Si
2P
H
He
Li Be B
C N
O F Ne
The
number
of
electrons
Na Mg Al Si P
in the outside shell.
Atomic number
(number of protons)
H
1
1.008
+1
Charge
average
Atomic
weight
Atomic number
(number of protons)
(exact) 2
Atomic
weight
H
1
+1
Charge
Atomic number
(number of protons)
F
9
18.998
-1
Charge
average
Atomic
weight
Isotopes
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element
(same number of protons) with
a different number of
neutrons.
C C
12 6
13 6
Isotopes
12
13
6 protons
6 protons
6 Neutrons
7 Neutrons
Isotopes
32
32
12 6
Legend
Proton
Neutron
Electron
13 6
The rules:
1S , 2S , 2P , 3S , 3P
S only holds 2
P only holds 6
Metals
Extra electrons
Conductive
Malleable
Dense
Shiny
Ductile
Shiny
Dense
Malleable
Ductile
Electrical conductors
Thermal conductors
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
Reactivity of metals
mo reactive
mo reactive
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Mn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
Pt
Non-Metals
missing electrons
Non-Conductive
NOT Malleable
Dull
Metalloids
Partly conductive
States of
Matter
There are 4 States of Matter
(NOT really)
Solid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Hot
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Superheated Gas
When atoms are so hot,
they lose ALL
of their
electrons.
Boiling
Melting
Condensation
Freezing
Sublimation
When a solid
turns directly
into a gas.
Dry ice is
solid CO2
Condensation
When a gas
turns into
into a liquid.
Dry ice is
solid CO2
Solid
Made of
Atoms
Holds
its shape
Atoms move
past each
other
Liquid
Gas Plasma
Ionic bond
Li
2
1
2
1
Ionic bond
Li
2
1
2
1
Ionic bond
Li
2
1
+1
-1
2
1
Ion
An atom or molecule
with a + or charge.
Cation
Anion
I
O
N
Cations
H
Hydrogen
Na+ Sodium
+2
Mg Magnesium
Ca+2 Calcium
+2
Ag
Silver
+
mo Cations
Anions
F
Fluoride
-1
Cl Chloride
-1
Br Bromide
-1
I
Iodide
-1
The Halogens
Anions
PO
SiO
SO
-3
MoO4
-2
B4O7
-3
4
-2
4
-2
4
OH Hydroxide
NO2-1 Nitrite
-1
NO3 Nitrate
Phosphate
Silicate
Sulfate
Molybdate
Borate
-1
Cathode
Anode
NeverReady
Solution
Solvent
H2 O
Solute
NaCl
O
SolVent
SolUte
TheEchemical
TheNchemical
in aRsolution
in aDsolution
that makes up
thatEmakes up
the greatest part. theRleast part.
Sol
ent
The chemical
in a solution
that makes up
the greatest part.
Salt Solution
Solvent
Solute
Legend
Cation
Anion
Salt
Water
Crystal
Covalent bond
when two atoms share a pair of
electrons.
+1
P+1
Covalent bond
when two atoms share a pair of
electrons.
P+1
P+1
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons
between 2 atoms.
(or even 2 or 3 pairs of electrons).
H2
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons
between 2 atoms.
Li2
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons
between 2 atoms.
Cl2
Molecule
Two or more atoms
bonded together.
Compound Complex
A molecule with more
than one element.
Common chemicals
H2O2
NH3
NaOH
NaClO
I2
Compound o molecule ?
Combustibility
The tendency to
react with
Oxygen O2 .
Common Oxides
H + O2
C + O2
N + O2
O + O2
Si + O2
Fe + O2
H 2O
CO2
NO2
O3
SiO2
Fe2O3
Compound o molecule ?
Reaction Types
Nuclear
Protons
&
Neutrons
change
Chemical
Bonds
made/
broken
Physical
No change
in atoms
phase
change
Electrons
light
exchanged emission/
absorption
Reaction Types
Nuclear
Proton
Neutron
Reaction Types
2
1
Chemical
Bonds are made / broken
Change in oxidation states
Plasma
P+1
P+1
Li+1
more evidence of
a Chemical Change:
light
fire
Flame Test
http://webmineral.com/help/FlameTest.shtml
Precipitate
formation of insoluble
ionic compounds.
Simple Reactions
Synthesis
(Combination)
Single
Replacement
Decomposition
Double
Replacement
A
+
Synthesis
Decomposition
B
AB
AB
A + B
Single
AB + C
Replacement
A +CB
Double A B + C D
Replacement
AD + C B
A
+
Synthesis
Decomposition
B
AB
AB
A + B
Single
AB + C
Replacement
A +CB
Double A B + C D
Replacement
AD + C B
A displacement reaction:
metallic copper with silver nitrate
Cu + Ag NO3
Ag + Cu(NO3)2
Balancing equations
Ag +
1
Cl2
2
A
1 1
2 2
2Ag + Cl2
1
2
A
1 1
2 2
CH4 + O2
1 4
CO2+
2 H 2O 1
2
CH4 + O2
1 4
CO
2 2+
2 H 2O 1
2
4
CH4 2
+ O2
1 4
2
4
CO
2 2+
2 H 2O 1
2
4
Ag +
1
Cl2
2
A
1 1
Reaction Types
Physical
Pure substance
Mixture
Pure substance
vs.
Mixture
Only ONE element
has 2 or more
or compound.
elements/
(distilled water)
compounds.
Distilled water
Name
Formula amount
Nitrogen
N2
78 %
Oxygen
O2
21 %
Argon
Ar
Carbon
CO2
Dioxide
1%
0.03 %
Name
Neon
Formula amount
Ne
0.002 %
He 0.000524 %
Krypton
Kr 0.000114 %
Hydrogen H2 0.00005 %
Xenon
Xe 0.0000087 %
Radioactivity
a
h
p
l
A
e
l
c
i
Part
Beta Particle
(Electron)
Positron
emission
Ga
mm
aP
(lig artic
ht)
le
Radioactivity
Alpha Particle
2 Protons
2 Neutrons
Beta Particle
(Electron)
Radioactive decay
Radioactivity
Change in the nucleus of an atom
Loss of an Alpha, Beta, or
Gamma particle
Radioactivity
Alpha
emission
Changes
atomic
Weight
Beta
Neutron
emission turns into
a Proton
Gamma
emission
2P 2N
electron
light
Avogadro asked . . .
1.008
that many
602,300,000,000,000,000,000,000
11
Na
22.990
Six munths
ago
I cudnt
evun spelt
chemissed.
An now I
are one.