Group

Group Members
Members
Name

Registration #

M.Zubair Munazar
M.Zubair Saeed
Yasir Asad
Malik Hamza Awan

L1S14MBAM1075
L1S14MBAM1077
L1S14MBAM1076
L1S14MBAM1150

What
What is
is Personality?
Personality?
The sum total of ways in which an individual
reacts and interacts with others; measurable
traits a person exhibits.
Understanding personalities, national culture and
personal values can help managers increase
organizational outcomes and better predict
behaviour

Personality
Personality Traits
Traits
Characteristics that describe an individuals
behaviour which are exhibited in a large number
of situations.
OB studies personality traits to help managers
select appropriate employees and better match
workers to jobs.

Personality
Personality Determinants
Determinants
Heredity
Environment
Situation
Physical

Heredity
Heredity Factors
Factors
The ones that are determined at the
time of conception. These factors not
only affect the physical features of a
person, but the intelligence level,
attentiveness, gender, temperament,
various inherited diseases and energy
level, all get affected by them.
Many children behave exactly how their
parents do. Similarly, twin siblings also
have a lot of things in common.

Environmental
Environmental Factors
Factors
The environment that an individual lives in has a
major impact on his personality. The culture and
environment establish attitudes, values, norms
and perceptions in an individual. Based on the
cultures and traditions, different senses of right
and wrong are formed in individuals
These environmental factors also include the
neighborhood a person lives in, his school,
college, university and workplace

Situational
Situational Factors
Factors
The situational factors can be commonly observed when a
person behaves contrastingly and exhibits different traits
and characteristics
A persons behavior will be totally different when he is in
his office, in front of his boss, when compared to his
hangout with old friends .

Physical
Physical Factors
Factors
These physical factors include the overall physical structure of
a person: his height, weight, colour, gender, beauty and body
language, etc.
Most of the physical structures change from time to time, and
so does the personality.

Measuring
Measuring Personality
Personality

Personality is Measured By
Self-report surveys
Observer-rating surveys
Projective measures
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception
Test

The
The Myers-Briggs
Myers-Briggs Type
Type Indicator
Indicator
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics
and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality
types.
Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
Extroverted
Extrovertedvs.
vs.Introverted
Introverted
Sensing
Sensingvs.
vs.Intuitive
Intuitive
Thinking
Thinkingvs.
vs.Feeling
Feeling
Judging
Judgingvs.
vs.Perceiving
Perceiving

Meyers-Briggs,
Meyers-Briggs, Continued
Continued
A Meyers-Briggs score
Can be a valuable too for self-awareness and
career guidance

BUT
Should not be used as a selection tool because
it has not been related to job performance!!!

The
The Big
Big Five
Five Model
Model of
of Personality
Personality Dimensions
Dimensions
Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive), versus
nervous, depressed, and insecure under stress (negative).

Openness to Experience
Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive

Yasir
Yasir Asad
Asad

Major
Major Personality
PersonalityAttributes
Attributes Influencing
Influencing OB
OB
Core Self-evaluation
Self-esteem
Locus of Control

Machiavellianism
Narcissism
Self-monitoring
Risk taking
Type A vs. Type B personality
Proactive Personality

Core
Core Self-Evaluation:
Self-Evaluation:Two
Two Main
Main Components
Components
Self Esteem
Individuals degree of liking or disliking
themselves.

Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they
are masters of their own fate.
Internals (Internal locus of control)
Individuals who believe that they
control what happens to them.
Externals (External locus of control)
Individuals who believe that what
happens to them is controlled by
outside forces such as luck or
chance.

Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism (Mach)
Degree to which an individual is
practical, maintains emotional distance,
and believes that ends can justify means.

Conditions
ConditionsFavoring
FavoringHigh
HighMachs
Machs
Direct
Directinteraction
interactionwith
withothers
others
Minimal
Minimalrules
rulesand
andregulations
regulations
Emotions
Emotionsdistract
distractfor
forothers
others

Narcissism
Narcissism
A Narcissistic Person
Has impressive sense of self-importance
Requires excessive admiration
Has a sense of entitlement
Is arrogant
Tends to be rated as less effective

Self-Monitoring
Self-Monitoring
Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that
measures an individuals
ability to adjust his or her
behavior to external,
situational factors.
High
HighSelf-Monitors
Self-Monitors
Receive
Receivebetter
betterperformance
performance
ratings
ratings
Likely
Likelyto
toemerge
emergeas
asleaders
leaders
Show
Showless
lesscommitment
commitmentto
to
their
theirorganizations
organizations

Risk-Taking
Risk-Taking
High Risk-taking Managers
Make quicker decisions
Use less information to make decisions
Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial
organizations

Low Risk-taking Managers

Are slower to make decisions
Require more information before making decisions
Exist in larger organizations with stable
environments

Risk Propensity
Aligning managers risk-taking propensity to job
requirements should be beneficial to organizations.

Personality
Personality Types
Types
Type As
1. They are always moving, walking, and eating
rapidly.
2. They feel impatient with the rate at which most
events take place;.
3. They strive to think or do two or more things at
once.
4. They cannot cope with ease time.
5. They are obsessed with numbers, measuring their
success in terms of how many or how much of
everything they acquire

Personality
Personality Types
Types
Type Bs
1. They never suffer from a sense of time urgency with
its accompanying impatience;
2. They feel no need to display or discuss either their
achievements or accomplishments;
3. They play for fun and relaxation, rather than to
exhibit their superiority at any cost;
4. They can relax without guilt.

Personality
Personality Types
Types
Proactive Personality
Identifies
opportunities, shows
initiative, takes
action, and
perseveres until
meaningful change
occurs.
Creates positive
change in the
environment,
regardless or even in
spite of constraints or

Check-Up: Personality
Which of the following is not a typical
personality trait considered to be
organizationally relevant?
Locus of control
Self-monitoring
Self-enhancing
Self esteem
Machiavellianism

Check-Up: Personality
Julia is known for being a go-getter. She
never leaves a task incomplete, and is
involved in a number of activities.
Moreover, shes at the top of her class.
Shes so busy that sometimes, she forgets
to stop and eat lunch. Julia can be easily
characterized as someone that has/is a
Type ____ Personality.

Check-Up: Personality
Julia is also likely to not be very

Happy?

Fun?

Creative?

Stressed?

M.Zubair
M.Zubair Saeed
Saeed

Values
Values
Definition: Mode of conduct or end state is
personally or socially preferable (i.e., what is
right & good)
Terminal Values
Desirable End States

Instrumental Values
The ways/means for achieving ones terminal values

Value System: A hierarchy based on a

ranking of an individuals values in terms
of their intensity.

Importance
Importance of
of Values
Values
Provide understanding of the attitudes,
motivation, and behaviors of individuals and
cultures.
Influence our perception of the world around us.
Represent interpretations of right and wrong.
Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are
preferred over others.

Types
Types of
of Values
Values - Rokeach
Rokeach Value
Value Survey
Survey
Terminal Values
Desirable end-states of
existence; the goals that a
person would like to achieve
during his or her lifetime.

Instrumental Values
Preferable modes of
behavior or means of
achieving ones terminal
values.

Values
Valuesin
in
the
the
Rokeach
Rokeach
Survey
Survey

Values
Values in
in
the
the
Rokeach
Rokeach
Survey
Survey
(contd)
(contd)

Society
Society values
values
Hofstede found different patterns in different
societies.
Society can be characterized as being oriented
towards

centralized decision making,

high tolerance for ambiguity,
collectivism rather than individualism,
strong tendency to show off
give importance to material things.

Loyalty
Loyalty in
in workplace
workplace
Most organizations have some kind of policy or code of conduct
that defines behaviors that are acceptable and unacceptable.
Loyal behavior in the workplace means the extent to which
individuals and groups in organizations abide by consistent and
rational ethical standards.
These standards could include:
Not taking money or stock from the company
Not spending an excessive amount of work time on
personal phone calls
Not taking excessive leave of absence from work
Other positive standards could include
Turning in work of a consistently high standard
Behaving in a professional manner with clients and fellowstaff members preferably no backbiting, no suggestive
comments or rude jokes etc.

Ethical
Ethical behavior
behavior
Ethics refers to well-founded standards
of right and wrong that prescribe what
humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights,
obligations,
benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.
Ethical behavior is characterized by honesty,
fairness and equity in interpersonal, professional
and academic relationships and in research and
scholarly activities.
Ethical behavior respects the dignity, diversity
and rights of individuals and groups of people.

Cont.
Cont.
Ethical behavior is the standards that you hold
for yourself of the attributes of honesty,
responsibility, and how you treat others in all
facets of your life.
The same standards are applicable to whatever
position you hold in commerce, in your
community, and even behind your own doors
where only you know what you do.
Ethical behavior is applying these standards even
when it is inconvenient to do so.

Values,
Values, Loyalty,
Loyalty,and
and Ethical
Ethical Behavior
Behavior

Ethical Values and

Behaviors of
Leaders

Ethical
Ethical Climate
Climate in
in
the
the Organization
Organization

Malik
Malik Hamza
Hamza Awan
Awan

Values
Values across
across Cultures:
Cultures: Hofstedes
Hofstedes
Framework
Framework
Power Distance
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long-term and Short-term orientation

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework for
for Assessing
Assessing Cultures
Cultures
Power Distance
The extent to which a society accepts
that power in institutions and
organizations is distributed unequally.
Low distance: relatively equal power
between those with status/wealth and
those without status/wealth
High distance: extremely unequal
power distribution between those with
status/wealth and those without
status/wealth

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Individualism
The degree to which
people prefer to act
as individuals rather
than a member of
groups.

Vs.

Collectivism
A tight social
framework in which
people expect others in
groups of which they
are a part to look after
them and protect
them.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Masculinity
The extent to which
the society values work
roles of achievement,
power, and control,
and where
assertiveness and
materialism are also
valued.

Vs.

Femininity
The extent to
which there is little
differentiation
between roles for
men and women.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Uncertainty Avoidance
The extent to which a society feels
threatened by uncertain and ambiguous
situations and tries to avoid them.
High Uncertainty Avoidance:
Society does not like
ambiguous situations & tries to
avoid them.
Low Uncertainty Avoidance:
Society does not mind
ambiguous situations &
embraces them.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Long-term Orientation
A national culture
attribute that
emphasizes the
future, thrift, and
persistence.

Vs.

Short-term Orientation
A national culture
attribute that
emphasizes the present
and the here and now.

Achieving
Achieving Person-Job
Person-Job Fit
Fit
Personality-Job Fit
Theory (Holland)
Identifies six
personality types and
proposes that the fit
between personality
type and occupational
environment
determines satisfaction
and turnover.

Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
Realistic
Realistic
Investigative
Investigative
Social
Social
Conventional
Conventional
Enterprising
Enterprising
Artistic
Artistic

Hollands
Hollands
Typology
Typologyof
of
Personality
Personality
and
and
Congruent
Congruent
Occupations
Occupations

Organizational
Organizational Culture
Culture Profile
Profile (OCP)
(OCP)
Useful for determining personorganization fit
Survey that forces choices/rankings of
ones personal values
Helpful for identifying most important
values to look for in an organization (in
efforts to create a good fit)

Check-Up: Values

In Country J most of the top management team meets

employees at the local bar for a beer on Fridays, and there
are no reserved parking spaces. Everyone is on a first
name basis with each other. Country J, according to
Hofstedes Framework, is probably low on what dimension?

Collectivism

Long Term Orientation

Uncertainty Avoidance

Power Distance