INTRODUCTION

TO
ORACLE ARCHITECTURE

PRESENTED BY
http://www.orienit.com

Client
Computer

Lan Or
Internet

Applic
ation
Server

Lan Or
Internet

Oracle
Database

Client Server Environment

Application By Java or .Net
Framework

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Oracle Versions

E.F.T. Codd implement rules for RDBMS.

Oracle 7 ( Implements 7 Rules)
Oracle 8 (First stable version of Oracle)
9i (integrated with java and supports all
utilities which are used By Java.)
10G (Data Grid)
11i called Oracle Financials Strong
competitor for SAP and ERP.
JD Adward, People Soft, SBAAN are new
competitor to SAP and ERP. www.orienit.com

Oracle Platforms

Solaries is the 1st oracle platform provided by Sun

Micro system ( Now JAVA is oracle prod).
Oracle for Linux.
PWR Builder introduce by oracle used for data ware
housing competitor for ETL sys. By Informetica.
Cognos powerful tool as Infor. Used for data ware
housing.
ERWIN strong competitor to Oracle designer.
IDE as VB & .NET called SQL developer & J Dev.
Mysql, Teradata, sybase, DB1,DB2, MS. Sql server.
3rd Party tools as TODD by Quest Technology.
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What is Data?

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Data is Defined as

A value for an attribute of an entity.

Entity is Real World Thing which exist

and can be described in terms of one or
more attributes.
Database is Organized value of all
SAME type of entity.

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Memory of ORACLE(
Data Dict.)

Arrangement of system
table stores data about data
called as METADATA.
RDBMS discovered for non
procedural access.
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Storage

PHYSICAL

LOGICAL

Table
Space

Schema
Parameter File,
Control File,
Redo Log File,
Data File
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Parameter File

This is the first file oracle read at start of

the database. Parameters are system
variables sets environment of system,
file also called as init.ora.
From Oracle 9i SPFILE is introduce and
this file is binary formatted and it is the
binary version of init.ora.

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Control File

Its important file of Oracle Database and

if control file is lost it means no recovery
is possible also it is binary formatted.
Oracle multiplex the file and stored in 3
files same locations name as
control1.ctl, control2.ctl, control3.ctl.

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3 Important Numbers
SCN : System Change Number.
It is assigned by oracle to every committed
transaction always increasing..
LSN: Log Sequence Number.
The sequential number assign to redo log as
they get filled and recycled.
CPC : Check Point Counter.
Its is also ever increasing number and to
every check point is assigned.

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Logical Database
Oracle uses logical database structure
Structure
to store data on physical operating
system file.

DATA BLOCK : Is the foundation of oracle storage.

It consist of number of bytes of disk space in OS.
EXTENT : An extents is two or more contagious
oracle data blocks and a unit of space allocation.
SAGMENT : A segment is a set of extents allocated
to logical structure like table or oracle objects.
TABLESPACE : A table space is a set of one or more data
files consist of related Segments.
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Schema

Schema is set of objects own by User Account.

Each schema has user account but each user
dont need schema.
A user account is account with database having
privileges to perform predefined activities on
data.
Schema may not exist with user account but
user account is exist without schema.
Purpose : Maintenance of object like backup &
recovery, implementation of security and access
level.
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Redo Log File

Oracle used redo base recovery and allow to

recover only committed transaction till the point of
failure.
The redo base recovery in oracle is implemented
through the redo log file.
When system fails then oracle read history from
these redo log file and guaranties the recovery till
the point of failure.
These files are created at the creation of oracle db.
The files are reusable and used as round robin
passion.
Maximum size is 50Mb.
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Redo Log Copies stored to 10 different geographic locations

Redo
log N..

Redo
log 7

Redo log
1

Redo
log 6

Redo
log 5

Redo
log 4

Redo
log 3

Redo
log 2

Redo
log 1

Redo log
2

Log Switch
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System Global Area SGA

Large
Pool

Fixed
TtPool

Data
Buffer
Pool
Redo Log Buffer

Share
d pool
area
S /
Data
Diction
.
Shared
SQL
Area

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3 Types of Buffer

Free Buffer : A buffer which is ready to take

new data.

Pinned Buffer : A buffer which have data

under use (not committed or not rollback.)

Dirty Buffer : A buffer which have data which

is committed called permanent.

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LRU Algorithm

List Recently Used : This algorithm is used to write data

from data buffer pool (dirty buffers) in to data files.

Data Buffer Pool: Divided into 3 sections.

Keep Buffer Pool : It holds the frequently requested data.
(Based on MRU).
Recycle Buffer Pool : The data which is not requested
immediately after used is loaded in recycle buffer pool
and eliminated after used.
Default Buffer Pool :The data which is not required in above
pools is loaded in this pool.
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Redo Log Buffer

The redo log buffer is the place where

data or entries are stored before writing
to redo log file.
All entries are written in serially to redo
log file due to SCN.
When user commits the data the data
written to redo log file.
If not commit or rollback then 75% full
written to redo log file.
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Shared Pool Area

This is the most busy area of SGA.

3 stages of SQL.
Parsing : It resolve the reference made to the
different object in SQL statement resolution of
privileges.
Planning : After parsing the statement hand
over to Optimizer for drawing execution plan to
performing activities in SQL statement.
Optimizer breaking down the SQL statement
to get result.
Execution : To get result and display as per
request.
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Parsing Types

Hard Parse
Soft Parse
Important Processes
Reco
Lck
Smon

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