Software

Unit II: The Software:

Software types, Systems Software,
Classification of Operating System,
Application Software, Introduction to
Programming Language, Types of
Programming
Languages.
Introduction to Microsoft Office,
working with MS Word, MS Excel, MS
Power point, Data Base, Data Base
Management System

SOFTWARE

If hardware can be
said to form the
body of a computer
system, software is
its mind.

SOFTWARE

Software refers to
computer programs,
procedures and
documentation that
performs certain tasks on
a computer system.

SOFTWARE
Software is an ordered sequence of instructions
for changing the state of the computer
hardware in a particular sequence.
It is usually written in high-level programming
languages that are easier and more efficientfor
humans to use (closer to natural language)
than machine language.
High-level languages are compiled or
interpreted into machine language object code.
Software may also be written in an assembly
language.

Types of software
1. Application software
2. System software,
3. Programmingsoftware,

1.Application software

Application softwareis that which is

designed for the end-users and
hence these software are also known
as end-user programs.
It employs the capabilities of a
computer to execute tasks that the
user wishes to perform on a
computer system.

1.Application software

Content Access Software

Educational Software
Enterprise Software
Information Worker Software
Media Development Software
Product Engineering Software
Simulation Software
General purpose Software

Content Access Software

Used to access content without

editing

Web browsers
Ex. media players
Game consoles ,
and entertainment

Educational Software
Used for educational purposes
Training management and classroom
management software
Reference software (help)

Ex. Reference softwareEncyclopaedia

Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite.png

Enterprise Software
Caters to the needs of organization
processes and data flow.
Customer relationship management
Supply chain management software

Information Worker Software

to manage information pertaining to
a project or a single department.
Microsoft office project

Media Development Software

They are used for generating print
and electronic media in the
educational and commercial sector.
Flash,
audio and video editors,
Image organizers and image editing
software, animation ,
web development software.

Product Engineering Software

This software is used in the development
of hardware and software products.
Application programming interfaces and
integrated development environment (IDEs)
are the well-known examples of product
engineering software.
Program testing tools,
debuggers,
Compilers
and CAD

Simulation Software
They are used for the simulation of
physical and abstract systems.

Computer simulators that are used

for simulating scientific concepts and
social ideas,

battlefield,

vehicle and flight simulators

General Purpose Software

Can be used by any one
MS-office
Tally
Adobe Photoshop etc

2.System Software
System softwareis set of programs to
control and manage the actual operations
of a computer hardware. It controls the
usage and allocation of different hardware
components. It enables application
programs to execute properly. It controls
the basic operations as follows:
Saving data on disk
Making computer to work for us
Printing a document etc

Types of System Software

1. Operating System
2. Utility Programs
3. Device Drivers

Functions of OS

Process Management
Main Memory Management
Secondary-Storage Management
I/O System Management
File Management
Protection System
Networking
Command-Interpreter System

Operating system
Anoperating
system(OS)
is
software that manages
computer hardware and
software resources and
provides
common
servicesfor
computer
programs.

Types of operating
systems

Batch OS
Offline processing:Processing which is done away
from CPU.
e.g. filling in OMR forms.
Data from individual transactions are accumulated for
predetermined period of time.
Then data is processed as a group at later time.
Input is collected in batches and stored in same
sequenced as it is to be processed.
For ex : In cheque-processing systems, a batch
of cheques is collected to be input into the
system in one go.
Payroll, stock control and billing systems

Single-user OS
have only one user but may allow
multiple programs to run at the same
time.
Ex: Desktop computer

Multi-user OS
Allows multiple users to access a
computer system at the same time.
Ex : Internet servers (All
mainframes)- multiple-user access
to a computer through the sharing of
time.

Multiprogramming OS
Example of Use: Mainframe systems.
Each job is allocated a small amount
of processing time (time slice) in turn

Multiprocessing OS
Uses two or more CPU linked
together to optimize data processing.
Example Scientific research
,Weather forecasting

Multitasking OS
The ability to hold several programs
in RAM at one time but the user
switches between them.
Used for single-user systems
Ex : Windows

Time-sharing OS
All multiprogramming systems can
be time sharing.

Real-time OS

Multitasking operating system

Aims at executing real-time applications.
Use specialized scheduling algorithms
To achieve a deterministic nature of
behavior.
The main objective : quick and predictable
response to events.
e.g. control of nuclear power plants, oil
refining, chemical processing and traffic
control systems, air.

Example
Patient monitoring : The heart rate, for
instance, is monitored constantly. As soon
as there is a critical change in the heart
rate, the system reacts automatically fast
and pumps medication into the patient's
body.
In an air traffic control monitoring
system, the display must be updated
immediately the direction, speed, or
height of the plane is altered.

Distributed OS
Manages a group of independent
computers and makes them appear
to be a single computer.
The development of networked
computers that could be linked and
communicate with each other gave
rise to distributed computing.
Ex: Core banking

Disc OS

Windows OS

Ubuntu OS

Android OS

Mobile OS
Operates
aSmartphone,Tablet,
othermobile device.

PDA,

or

Combine
the
features
of
apersonal
computeroperating system with other features,
including aTouch Screen, cellular, Bluetooth, WiFi, GPS Mobile Navigation, Camera, Speech
Recognition, Voice Recorder, Music Player, Near
Field Communication and Infrared Blaster.
Mobile devices with mobile communications
capabilities (e.g.Smartphones) contain two
mobile operating systems - the main user-facing
software platform is supplemented by a second
low-level
proprietaryreal-time
operating
systemwhich operates the radio and other

Android
Androidis fromGoogle Inc.
Most of Android is free and open
source,but a large amount of
software on Android devices (such as
Play Store, Google Search, Google
Play Services, Google Music, and so
on) are proprietary and licensed.

Blackberry
One OS was planned for both
Blackberry smartphones and tablets
going forward.

iOS
iOSis fromApple Inc.
It is closed source and proprietary
and built on open sourceDarwincore
OS.
The
AppleiPhone,
iPod
Touch,iPadand
secondgenerationApple
TVall
use
an
operating system callediOS, which is
derived fromMac OS X.

Windows Phone
Windows Phoneis fromMicrosoft.
It is closed source and proprietary.
On February 15, 2010, Microsoft
unveiled its next-generation mobile OS,
Windows Phone.
It includes full integration of Microsoft
services
such
asOneDriveand
Office,Xbox Music,Xbox Video,games
andBing, but also integrates with many
other non-Microsoft services such
asFacebook andGoggle accounts.

UTILITIES
These programs offer the various
maintenance and performance
evaluation utility tools to configure
and optimize the various processes
that influence the performance of
your computer.
Utility programs are generally
fairly small.Each type has a specific
job to do.

Anti-virus applications

Protect computer from the damage

that can be caused by viruses and
similar programs.
Norton AntiVirus,
Ad-Aware Pro,
ESET NOD32,
McAfee VirusScan,
and Windows Live OneCare

Compression utilities

Compression utilities

make files

smaller
for storage (or sending over the Internet)
and then return them to normal size.
DoubleDisk Gold,
XtraDrive,
Stacker,
DiskDoubler,
and SuperStor Pro.

Utilities

Data recovery utilities

attempt to
restore data and files that have been
damaged or accidentally deleted.

Disk defragmenters

reorganize the
data stored on disks so that it is more
efficiently arranged.

Firewalls
prevent outsiders from
accessing your computer
over a network such as the
Internet.

Backup Utilities
As the name suggests, these data backup tools
are used to copy all information and provide
it when required, such as in case of disk
failure or corruption.
Windows Home Server Computer Backup,
Norton Ghost,
Backup Exec,
NetBackup,
IBM Tivoli Storage Manager,
and EMC Legato NetWorker.

Disk Partitioning Tools

These applications help the user to divide the
hard drive into partitions, which can lead to
effective data management. The main
advantage of disk partitioning is that it
prevents anyone from accidental or
purposeful modification of system files.
Microsoft fdisk,
Logical Disk Manager,
Partition Master,
and Maxblast.

Disk Checkers and Cleaners

These helpful utilities check the hard
drive for any damaged or
unnecessary files, and delete them
for efficient hard disk functioning.
These tools are good for increasing
the speed of a slow computer.
CHKDSK,
Disk Checker,
ADRC Hard Disk Checker.

Disk Cleanup

Disk Cleanup

Disk Cleanup

Network Utilities
These are minor system tools which allow
the user to determine several aspects of a
connected network.
These simple utilities are initiated to check
if the network is connected, router is
working, and similar other technical details.
Some simple commands to start network
utilities are ping, ipconfig, traceroute,
nslookup, spray, route, and so on.

Device Drivers
Device drivers are needed for every peripheral
and device connected to a computer, from the
mouse and keyboard to the printer.
This type of system software allows the OS to
effectively identify and communicate with
hardware connected to a machine.
The OS can include device drivers for basic
components, like the mouse and keyboard,
while peripheral manufacturers often provide
discs with drivers for users to install with their
hardware.

Device Drivers
Mouse Driver
Printer Driver
CD ROM Driver

3.Programming Languages
They are artificial languages that are used
to write programs that control the
functioning of a computer system. They
are the building blocks of computer
applications.
A language is a system of communication.
Programming language consists of all the
symbols, characters, usage rules (syntax)
which permits user to communicate with
computers.

Types of Programming
Languages

Low level Languages

Assembly Languages
High Level Languages

Machine Languages
Advantages :

a) Directly understood by the

computer

b) No need of translation.

b) Faster Execution Speed.

c) Primary Memory Usage.

Disadvantages :

Difficult to Program
Error Prone
Difficult to Modify :
Machine Dependent

Assembly Language

For example, ADD for addition,

SUB for subtraction,
CMP for comparison, etc.
Such symbols are known as mnemonics. A
programs written in mnemonics is called
assembly language program. The writing of
programs in assembly language is easier
and faster as compared to the writing of
programs in a machine language.

Advantages

Easy and Efficient programming

Efficient and Effective storage
usage.

Execution Speed as compare to

other Language.

Increasing Efficiency by reducing

errors.

Disadvantages

Time consuming & difficult for

coding

Machine oriented

Need of translator to
convert(Assembler)

Hardware Knowledge

High Level Language

The instructions written in a high-level language
are called statement. The statements more
clearly resemble English and mathematics as
compared to mnemonics in assembly languages.
C,
C++,
Java,
VB etc.
PROLOG,
LISP,
SNOBOL

Advantages
They are easier to learn as compared to
assembly languages.
They make programs easier and faster to write.
Provide better documentation.
The programmer does not have limitations to
use a single type of machine. Easy to maintain
Programs are portable, i.e. they will run on any
computer which has a similar compiler.
Diagnostic capability.

Translators
Assembler
Complier
Interpreter

Assembler : Assembler is also a

software which is used to convert a
Assembly Level Language to Machine
Level Language. A program which
translates an assembly language
program into a machine language
program is called an assembler.

Compiler : Compiler is a software, it is

used to convert a High Level
Language programs to Machine level
language. A compiler translates a
whole program at once into machine
language and then it can be
immediately executed anytime
thereafter. The source code remains
intact and can be updated and then
recompiled again into object code.

 Interpreter : An Interpreter is a
translator which translates a High
Level Language program into
machine language online at a time
and executes line by line of the
program after it is translated. The
machine-readable form of program is
not stored on any storage and
therefore, the program must be
interpreted each time before it is

The Forth Generation Language (4GLs)

high level user friendly language. There

are two types of 4GLs area) Production Oriented 4GLs : These are
designed primarily for computer
professionals.
b) User Oriented 4GLs : These are
designed primarily for end users. It is used
to write programs to extract information
from a database and to create personal or
departmental information systems.

Objected Oriented Languages

and Programming Language
An object is a predefined set of program
code that, after having been written and
tested, will always behave the same way, so
that it can be used for other applications.
All programs consist of specific tasks such
as saving or retrieving data and calculating
totals.
In object-oriented programming, an object
is written for each specific task and saved in
a library so that anyone can use it.

Presentation Topic
Types of Software
System software
Programming languages