Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quality
Control
What is
SQC ?
Characteristics of S.Q.C.
Variation in Quality
Types Of Variations
Variation due to CHANCE CAUSES
causes like:
Difference in machines
Difference in operators
Difference of time
SQC Categories
Descriptive statistics
Statistical process control (SPC)
Acceptance sampling
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
The Mean
measure of central tendency
The Range
difference between largest/smallest
observations in a set of data
Standard Deviation
measures the amount of data dispersion
around mean
The Mean
The Range
tandard
eviation
Process Control
processisisconsidered
consideredininstatistical
statisticalcontrol
controlififitithas
hasno
noassignable
assignablecauses,
causes,
AAprocess
onlynatural
naturalvariation.
variation.
only
Control Chart
A control chart is a time plot of a statistic, such as a sample mean,
range, standard deviation, or proportion, with a center line and upper
and lower control limits. The limits give the desired range of values
for the statistic.
When the statistic is outside the bounds, or when its time plot reveals
certain patterns, the process may be out of control.
Value
This
This point
point is
is out
out of
of the
the control
control limits
limits
UCL
3
3
Center
Line
LCL
Time
2.
3.
4.
5.
Types Control
Charts
Types of
Control
Charts
Control
Charts for
Variables
Chart
R-Chart
Control
Charts for
Attributes
-Chart
p-Chart
npChart
C-Chart
R-CHART
This chart is constructed for controlling the variations
in the dispersion or variability of the quality standards
of the products in a production process.
Example
Sample
no.
Weights (X)
15 10 11
14
21 18 10 8 22
21 19 17 10
13
22 12 19 14
20
20 19 26 12
23
Total
Weights
(X)
=(X/5)
Range
R=(L-S)
14
14
16
16
20
10
14
11
8
14
=80
R=57
20
1
2
3
4
5
K=5
70
70
80
80
100
Mean chart
Control limits
UCL = Grand + A2
= 16 + 0.577 x 11.4
= 22.577
LCL = Grand - A2
= 16 0.577 x 11.4
= 9.423
MEAN CHART
25
SAMPLE MEANS
Grand = /K
= 80/5
=16
Grand = 16 (Central line)
UCL=22.57
20
15
CL=16
LCL=9.423
10
0 51
SAMPLE NOS.
RANGE CHART
= R/K = 57/5 = 11.4
= 11.4 (Central line)
Control limits
UCL = D4.
= 2.115 x 11.4
= 24.09
LCL = D3.
= 0 x 11.4
=0
RANGE CHART
25
UCL=24.09
SAMPLE RANGE
20
.
15 .
10
0 1
5
CL=11.4
LCL=0
SAMPLE NOS.
Chart
chart is constructed to get a better picture
of the variations in the quality standard in a
process than that is obtained from the range
chart provided the standard deviation() of
the various samples are readily available.
p-CHART
np-CHART
Example
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
K = 10
No. of
Size of
defectives
sample (n)
(d)
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
3
3
6
5
6
8
10
10
4
d = 60
Fraction
defectives
(d/n)
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.1
0.04
UCL = + 3 . q/n
= 0.06 + 30.06x0.94/100
= 0.1311
LCL = - 3 . q/n
= 0.06 - 3 0.06x0.94/100
= -0.0111 = 0
p-CHART
.16
FRACTION DEFECTIVE
= 60/1000
= 0.06 (central line)
UCL=0.1311
.12
.08 .
. .
. . .
CL=0.06
.
.04 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SAMPLE NOS.
LCL=0
np-CHART
n = 14 (central line)
UCL= n + 3 n q
= 14 + 3400x0.035x0.965
= 25.025
LCL= n - 3 n q
= 14 - 3400x0.035x0.965
FRACTION DEFECTIVE
q = 1- = 1- 0.035 = 0.965
25
20
15
UCL=25.025
.
.
.
.
.
10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SAMPLE NOS.
CL=14
LCL=2.975
C-Chart
C-chart is used for the control of no. of defects per unit say a
piece of cloth/glass/paper/bottle which may contain more than
one defect. The inspection unit in this chart will be a single
unit of product. The probability of occurrence of each defect
tends to remain very small.
The following are the field of application of C-Chart:
Process Capability
2.
USL LSL
Cp
6
Cp 1
Cp 1
Cp 1
The term Six Sigma was coined by the Motorola Corporation in the 1980s
to describe the high level of quality the company was striving to achieve.
The level of defects associated with Six Sigma is approximately 3.4 ppm
Acceptance Sampling
Sampling Plan
The variables to be specified include the size of the lot (N), the
size of the sample inspected from the lot (n), the number of
defects above which a lot is rejected (c), and the number of
samples that will be taken.
OC Curves
OC Curves
Consumers risk
OC Curves
Producers risk
The chance that a lot containing an
acceptable quality level will be rejected.
From the OC curves, higher the quality of the lot, the higher is
the chance that it will be accepted
Given that some lots are accepted and some rejected, it is useful
to compute the average outgoing quality (AOQ) of lots to get a
sense of the overall outgoing quality of the product.
Advantages Of S.Q.C.
I.
II.
III. Better
IV. Useful
V.
VI. Helps
in earn goodwill
LIMITATIONS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Thank You