Water Quality Management

Evaluation of surface and
groundwater quality in
Pattiwila area
By
L.N.W. Perera
EM/2007/029
Introduction
Quality of surface and groundwater is important due
to human consumption and other usage of water
demand is increasing.
Consume and usage of poor quality of water can

leads to human infections, birth defects, disturbances
to flora and fauna etc.
L.N.W. Perera - EM/2007/029
Motivation
Water quality of Pattiwila canal can be affected by point
and non point sources of pollution in the catchment area
including ;
Sapugaskanda oil refinery
Sapugaskanda diesel power station
Laugfs holdings limited and other industrial activities
Agricultural practices and
Domestic discharges etc.
Motivation cont..
Drinking water intake of Kelani right bank water
treatment project of NWSDB is located at the Kelani
River just after the Pattiwila cannel connected to
Kelani River
Objectives
To determine the surface water quality along the Pattiwila
cannel to Kelani River to evaluate the spatial and
temporal variation of water quality parameters.
To determine the groundwater quality in domestic water

wells to evaluate the spatial and temporal variation of
water quality parameters.
Objectives cont..
To determine relationship between monthly rainfall
and measured water quality parameters of surface
water and groundwater.
To
compare
the
surface
water
quality
and
groundwater quality with relevant water quality

standards given by CEA.
Materials and Methods
Study area
Catchment of
the Pattiwila
canal
Sampling sites
Data Collection from sampling sites

Primary data collection
Method:
Grab sampling/ Composite samplingUsing depth sampler
Duration:
Once a month for four months from
March 2012 to June 2012
Water quality measurements:
14 water quality parameters
10
Secondary data collection

Monthly rainfall data
Angoda mental hospital rain gauging station (station
number 16) from the Department of Meteorology,
Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Water quality standards

Water treatment
plant
at Ambathale
and Central
Environmental Authority (CEA) at Baththaramulla

11
Data Analysis
Water quality analysis were done in-situ and laboratory
in the NWSDB water treatment plant laboratory at
Ambathale and special laboratory in Department of
Zoology and Department of Chemistry.
Statistical analysis were done by using MINITAB

software (version 14)
12
Results and Discussion
13
Spatial variation of water quality

parameters in surface water
14
Spatial variation of water quality parameters in

surface water
300
0.14
250
0.12
0.1
200
Mean values of conductivity SE (S/cm)
0.08
150
Mean salinity SE (ppt) 0.06
100
0.04
50
0.02
0
C1
C1 C2 C3 R1 R2
C2
C3
Sampling sites
R2
Sampling sites
Conductivity
Salinity
180
160
140
120
100
Mean values of TDS SE (mg/L) 80
60
40
20
0
120
100
80
Mean values of alkalinity SE (mg CaCO3/L)
60
40
20
0
C1
C2
C3
R1
R2
C1C2 C3R1R2
Sampling sites
Sampling sites
TDS
R1
Alkalinity
15

surface water
25
60
20
50
40
15
Mean values of Na+ SE (ppm)
Mean values of Cl- SE (mg/L)
10
30
20
10
0
C1
C2
C3
R1
R2
C1
C2
Sampling sites
R2
Cl25
350
300
20
250
15
200
10
Mean values of COD SE (mg/L) 150

100
50
0
C1
C2
C3
R1
R2
C1
C2
C3
R1
R2
Sampling sites
Sampling sites
BOD5
R1
Sampling sites
Na+
Mean values of BOD5 SE (mg/L)
C3
COD
16

surface water
200
180
160
140
120
Mean values of oil and grease SE (mg/L)
100
Mean values of DO SE (mg/L) 4
80
60
40
20
0
C1
C1 C2 C3 R1 R2
C3
R1
R2
Sampling sites
Sampling sites
Oil and grease
C2
DO
17
Temporal variation of water quality

18
Temporal variation of water quality parameters

in surface water
200
180
160
140
120
100
Mean values of oil and grease SE (mg/L) 80
60
40
20
0
20
18
16
14
12
Mean values of turbidity SE (N.T.U.)
10
8
6
4
2
0
March April May June
Months
Oil and grease
Months
Turbidity
19
Spatial variation of water quality

parameters in groundwater
20

groundwater
160
0.07
140
0.06
120
0.05
100
Mean values of conductivity SE (S/cm)
0.04
80
Mean values of salinity SE (ppt) 0.03
60
40
0.02
20
0.01
0
W1 W2 W3 W4
W1
W2 W3
Sampling sites
Sampling sites
Conductivity
Salinity
100
90
80
70
60
50
Mean values of TDS SE (mg/L)
40
30
20
10
0
16
14
12
10
Mean values of Na+ SE (ppm)
8
6
4
2
0
W1
W2
W3
W4
W1
Sampling sites
TDS
W4
W2
W3
W4
Sampling sites
Na+
21

groundwater
200
0.9
180
0.8
160
0.7
140
0.6
120
Mean values of oil and grease SE (mg/L)
0.5
100
Mean values of turbidity SE (N.T.U.) 0.4
80
0.3
60
40
0.2
20
0.1
0
W1
W1 W2 W3 W4
W3
W4
Sampling sites
Sampling sites
Oil and grease
W2
Turbidity
22
Temporal variation of water quality

23

in groundwater
250.00
45.00
40.00
200.00
35.00
30.00
150.00
Mean values of COD SE (mg/L)
25.00
Mean values of Cl- SE (mg/L) 20.00
100.00
15.00
10.00
50.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
March April May June
March April
June
Months
Months
COD
May
Cl-
24

in groundwater
Mean values of BOD5 SE (mg/L)
3.00
250.00
2.50
200.00
2.00
150.00
1.50
Mean values of oil and grease SE (mg/L) 100.00
1.00
50.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
March April May
June
Months
Months
BOD5
Oil and grease
25
Relationship with rainfall
26
Relationship between rainfall and water quality

Fitted Line Plot
Fitted Line Plot
Salinity = 0.02801 + 0.000022 Total monthly rainfall (mm)
Salinity = 0.02602 + 0.000043 Rainfall

S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
0.040
0.0004766
99.4%
99.1%
S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
0.050
0.038
0.0009532
99.4%
99.1%
0.045
Salinity
Salinity
0.036
0.034
0.040
0.035
0.032
0.030
0.030
0
100
200
300
400
Total monthly rainfall (mm)
500
600
100
Salinity in R1
500
600
Salinity in R2
Fitted Line Plot
Fitted Line Plot
TDS (mg/L) = 104.9 + 0.08269 Total monthly rainfall (mm)
TDS (mg/L) = 133.8 + 0.05840 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

170
S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
165
S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
150
3.25859
96.2%
94.3%
3.01058
98.4%
97.5%
140
TDS (mg/L)
160
TDS (mg/L)
200
300
400
155
150
130
120
145
140
110
135
0
100
200
300
400
TDS in C2
500
600
100
200
300
400
TDS in C3
500
600
27

Fitted Line Plot
Fitted Line Plot
pH = 5.707 + 0.006877 Total monthly rainfall (mm)
BOD5 (mg/L) = 20.37 + 0.01031 Total monthly rainfall (mm)
10
S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
0.126042
99.6%
99.4%
0.444443
97.7%
96.6%
25
BOD5 (mg/L)
24
23
22
21
6
20
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
100
pH in C3
200
300
400
500
600
BOD5 in C1
Fitted Line Plot
Apparent color (Hazan units) = 60.88 - 0.04052 Total monthly rainfall (mm)
60
Apparent colour (hazan units)
pH
S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
26
S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
2.77434
94.4%
91.6%
55
50
45
40
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Apparent colour
in C3
28

Fitted Line Plot
Fitted Line Plot
Na+ (ppm) = 8.215 - 0.003504 Total monthly rainfall (mm)
Na+ (ppm) = 8.279 - 0.001374 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

8.3
S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
8.2
8.0
0.123186
90.8%
86.2%
0.0795975
99.4%
99.0%
7.5
8.0
Na+ (ppm)
Na+ (ppm)
8.1
S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
7.9
7.8
7.0
7.7
6.5
7.6
7.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
100
200
300
400
500
600
Na+ in W4
Na+ in W2
Fitted Line Plot
Fitted Line Plot
Salinity = 0.04199 - 0.000022 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

0.042
Oil and grease (mg/L) = 253.7 - 0.4217 Total monthly rainfall (mm)
S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
0.040
250
0.0004766
99.4%
99.1%
S
R-Sq
R-Sq(adj)
23.8848
96.1%
94.2%
200
Oil and grease (mg/L)
Salinity
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032
150
100
50
0.030
0
100
200
300
400
500
Salinity in W2
600
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Oil and grease in W2
29
Comparison with water quality standards
30
Surface water quality in Pattiwila canal

and Kelani River
31
Variation of BOD5with surface water

quality standards
32
Variation of oil and grease with surface

water quality standards
33
Groundwater quality in domestic water

wells
34
Variation of oil and grease with groundwater

quality standards
35
Variation of COD with groundwater quality

standards
36
Possible shortcomings
The study was limited to four months of study period and
sample collection was done once a month with respect to
availability of time, resources and equipment within the
laboratory.
Biological monitoring including investigation of macrobenthic fauna and associated sediment analysis is not
considered.
37
Conclusion
Water quality of Pattiwila canal is above the standards of irrigation,
agricultural and as raw water for public water supplies due to higher BOD 5
and oil and grease levels.
Water quality Kelani River is also above the standards of use as raw water for
public water supplies, irrigation and agricultural due to higher oil and grease
levels.
Water quality of groundwater in domestic wells is above the standards of

drinking purposes without proper treatment due to higher COD and oil and
grease levels.
38
Recommendations
Gravity separation and using organoclays for water purification
before consumption.
NWSDB has to implement oil and grease treatment unit in order to
provide good quality drinking water to the consumers.
Bioremediation and phytoremediation techniques and testing on
sorbent materials are recommended to reduce high amount of oil

and grease, BOD5 and COD present in the waste water as well as
soil of the catchment area.
39
Thank You..!
41
Measured water quality parameters

Water quality Parameter
Standard method and instruments
Temperature (C)
pH
Conductivity (S/cm)
YSI Environmental Model 556 water quality checker (USA)
Salinity (ppt)
TDS ((mg/L)
Apparent colour (Hazan
Units)
Visual comparison method using Lovibond Nessleriser (Model No.

2150, UK)
Turbidity (N.T.U.)
Nephelometric method using Portable turbidity meter (Model 2100P,

Hach Company, USA)
DO (mg/L)
Winkler method
BOD5 (mg/L)
Winkler method
Alkalinity (mg CaCO3/L)
Potentiometric titration method
Cl- (mg/L)
Argenometric method
COD (mg/L)
open reflux method
Oil and grease (mg/L)
Partition-Gravimetric method
Na+ (ppm)
Atomic Absorption spectrometry using Atomic Absorption spectrometer

(GBC 932 plus) with air- acetylene flame
42
Statistical Analysis
Changes of water quality parameters between the sampling sites
during the study period
Two-way ANOVA at 95% confidence level using MINITAB (version 14)
Spatial Variation of water quality parameters

One-way ANOVA followed by Tukeys test at 95% confidence level
using MINITAB (version 14)
Temporal Variation of water quality parameters

One-way ANOVA followed by Tukeys test at 95% confidence level
using MINITAB (version 14)
43
Selecting sampling sites

Preliminary survey to identify sampling sites
Transect walks along the Pattiwila canal
Existing information about water pollution within the

study area by NWSDB
Five sampling sites - Surface water quality analysis
Four sampling sites - Groundwater quality analysis
Surface water sampling sites
Sampling site C1
Sampling site C2
Sampling site
C3
Surface water sampling sites
Sampling site R1
Sampling site R2
Groundwater sampling sites
Sampling site W1
Sampling site W2
Sampling site W4
Sampling site W3

in surface water
Conductivity
Salinity
TDS
Apparent colour
Temporal variation is
Alkalinity
not significant
DO
BOD5
48

groundwater
Temperature
COD
Apparent colour
Spatial variation is not

significant
Alkalinity
49

in groundwater
Conductivity
Salinity
TDS
Temporal variation is
Turbidity
not significant
Alkalinity
Na+
50
Surface water quality in Pattiwila canal and

Kelani River
Tolerance limits for the inland surface waters for use as
raw water for public water supply (Sri Lanka Standard
722: 1985)
Inland water quality standards for irrigation and
agriculture (category 6).
Turbidity
Temperature
Apparent colour
pH

in surface water
pH
Turbidity
pH
Cl-
DO
Apparent colour
Temperature
pH
Groundwater quality in domestic water

wells
Specification for potable water part I- Physical and

chemical requirement (Sri Lanka Standard 614: 1983)
Conclusion
All the water quality parameters of surface water except water pH are
spatially varied. Water temperature, COD, Na +, Cl-, pH, oil and grease
and turbidity of surface water are temporally varied.
Water quality parameters of groundwater namely conductivity, salinity,

TDS, Na+, Cl-, turbidity, DO, BOD5, oil and grease and pH are
subjected to spatial variation and DO, Cl -, COD, oil and grease,
temperature, pH, apparent colour and BOD 5 are temporally varied.
Conclusion
pH of C3 sampling site, salinity of R1 and R2 sampling sites TDS of
C2 and C3 sampling sites and BOD5 of C1 sampling site of the
surface water shows positive relationship with rainfall.
Apparent colour of C3 sampling site of surface water, salinity of W4

sampling site, Na+ of W2 and W4 sampling sites and oil and grease
content of W2 sampling site of groundwater shows negative
relationship with rainfall.

Surface water
quality parameter
Sampling
Site
P value
r value
R2 value
pH
C3
0.002
0.998
99.6%
Salinity
R1
and
R2
0.003
and
0.003
0.997
and
0.997
94.4%
and
94.4%
TDS
C2
and
C3
0.019
and
0.008
0.981
and
0.992
96.2%
and
98.4%
BOD5
C1
0.012
0.988
94.4%
Apparent color
C3
0.028
-0.972
97.7%

Water quality
Parameter
Sampling Site
P value
r value
R2 value
Salinity
W4
0.003
-0.997
99.4%
Na+
W2
and
W4
0.047
and
0.003
-0.953
and
-0.997
90.8%
and
99.4%
Oil and grease
W2
0.020
-0.980
96.1%
Tolerance limits for inland surface water for use as raw water for
public water supply (Sri Lanka Standard 722: 1985)
62
Inland water quality standard for irrigation and agriculture

(category 6)
63
Specification for potable water Part 1- Physical and chemical

requirement (Sri Lanka Standard 614: 1983)
64
77

Water Quality Management

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Water Quality Management

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Evaluation of surface and

Consume and usage of poor quality of water can

L.N.W. Perera - EM/2007/029

To determine the groundwater quality in domestic water

L.N.W. Perera - EM/2007/029

groundwater quality with relevant water quality

Materials and Methods

Data Collection from sampling sites

Secondary data collection

Water quality standards

Environmental Authority (CEA) at Baththaramulla

Statistical analysis were done by using MINITAB

Results and Discussion

Spatial variation of water quality

Spatial variation of water quality parameters in

Mean salinity SE (ppt) 0.06

Spatial variation of water quality parameters in

Mean values of Cl- SE (mg/L)

Mean values of COD SE (mg/L) 150

Mean values of BOD5 SE (mg/L)

Spatial variation of water quality parameters in

Mean values of DO SE (mg/L) 4

Oil and grease

L.N.W. Perera - EM/2007/029

Temporal variation of water quality

Temporal variation of water quality parameters

Oil and grease

L.N.W. Perera - EM/2007/029

Spatial variation of water quality

Spatial variation of water quality parameters in

Mean values of salinity SE (ppt) 0.03

Spatial variation of water quality parameters in

Mean values of turbidity SE (N.T.U.) 0.4

Oil and grease

Temporal variation of water quality

Temporal variation of water quality parameters

Temporal variation of water quality parameters

Mean values of BOD5 SE (mg/L)

Mean values of oil and grease SE (mg/L) 100.00

Oil and grease

Relationship with rainfall

Relationship between rainfall and water quality

Fitted Line Plot

Salinity = 0.02801 + 0.000022 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

Salinity = 0.02602 + 0.000043 Rainfall

Fitted Line Plot

TDS (mg/L) = 104.9 + 0.08269 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

TDS (mg/L) = 133.8 + 0.05840 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

Relationship between rainfall and water quality

Fitted Line Plot

pH = 5.707 + 0.006877 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

BOD5 (mg/L) = 20.37 + 0.01031 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

Apparent colour (hazan units)

Relationship between rainfall and water quality

Fitted Line Plot

Na+ (ppm) = 8.215 - 0.003504 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

Na+ (ppm) = 8.279 - 0.001374 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

Fitted Line Plot

Salinity = 0.04199 - 0.000022 Total monthly rainfall (mm)

Oil and grease in W2

Comparison with water quality standards

Surface water quality in Pattiwila canal

Variation of BOD5with surface water