Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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History
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Development of general and local anesthesia
(cont.)
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Cocaine Addiction
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Procaine replaced cocaine (Problems)
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Lidocaine
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Cell Membrane Receptors
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Membrane potential and neurotransmission:
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neurotransmission: Resting Potential
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neurotransmission: Resting Potential
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neurotransmission: Resting Potential
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neurotransmission: Action Potential (Depolarisation)
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neurotransmission: Action Potential (Depolarisation)
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neurotransmission: Action Potential (Repolarisation)
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neurotransmission: Action Potential (Repolarisation)
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Membrane potential and neurotransmission:
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Mechanism
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Mechanism
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Mechanism
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How Local Anesthetics Work
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LOCAL ANESTHETICS CALSIFICATION
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Differences of Esters and Amides
§ Two classes of local anesthetics are amino amides and amino esters.
Amides: Esters:
--Amide link b/t intermediate --Ester link b/t intermediate chain and chain
and aromatic ring aromatic ring
--Metabolized in liver and very --Metabolized in plasma
--Cause allergic reactions
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Differences of Esters and Amides
§ All local anesthetics are weak bases. Chemical structure of local anesthetics
have an amine group on one end connect to an aromatic ring on the other
and an amine group on the right side. The amine end is hydrophilic (soluble
in water), and the aromatic end is lipophilic (soluble in lipids)
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Structures of Amides and Esters
§ The amine end is hydrophilic (soluble in water), anesthetic molecule dissolve in
water in which it is delivered from the dentist’s syringe into the patient’s
tissue. It’s also responsible for the solution to remain on either side of the
nerve membrane.
§ The aromatic end is lipophilic(soluble in lipids). Because nerve cell is made of
lipid bilayer it is possible for anesthetic molecule to penetrate through the
nerve membrane.
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Structures of Amides and Esters
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Structures of Amides and Esters
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Pharmacokinetics
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Pharmacokinetics
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Factors Affect the Reaction of Local
Anesthetics
Lipid solubility
§ All local anesthetics have weak bases. Increasing the lipid solubility
leads to faster nerve penetration, block sodium channels, and speed up
the onset of action.
§ The more tightly local anesthetics bind to the protein, the longer the
duration of onset action.
§ Local anesthetics have two forms, ionized and nonionized. The
nonionizedform can cross the nerve membranes and block the sodium
channels.
§ So, the more nonionized presented, the faster the onset action.
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Factors Affect the Reaction of Local
Anesthetics
pH influence
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Factors Affect the Reaction of Local
Anesthetics (cont.)
Vasodilation
§ Vasoconstrictor is a substance used to keep the anesthetic solution in
place at a longer period and prolongs the action of the drug
§ vasoconstrictor delays the absorption which slows down the absorption
into the bloodstream
§ Lower vasodilator activity of a local anesthetic leads to a slower
absorption and longer duration of action
§ Vasoconstrictor used the naturally hormone called epinephrine
(adrenaline). Epinephrine decreases vasodilator.
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Toxicity
§ Toxicity is the peak circulation levels of local anesthetics
§ Levels of local anesthetic concentration administered to patients are varied
according to age, weight, and health.
§ Maximum dose for an individual is usually between 70mg to 500mg
§ The amount of dose also varied based on the type of solution used and the
presence of vasoconstrictor
Example:
---For adult whose weight is 150lbs and up, maximum dose Articaine and
weight.
The doses are not considered lethal.
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Drugs used in dental anesthesia
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Drugs used in dental anesthesia
§ Bupivicaine (Marcaine®
--Produce very long acting anesthetic effect to delay the post operative pain from the surgery
--Onset time is longer than other drugs b/c most of the radicals (about 80%) bind to sodium
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Drugs used in dental anesthesia
§ Prilocaine (Citanest®)
--Identical pKa and same conc. with lidocaine
--Almost same duration as lidocaine
--Less toxic in higher doses than lidocaine b/c small vasodilatory activity
§ Articaine (Septocaine®)
--newest local anesthetic drug approved by FDA in 2000
--Same pKa and toxicity as lidocaine, but its half life is less than about ¼ of lidocaine
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Anesthetic pKa Onset Duration Max Dose
(with (with
Epinephrine Epinephrine
) in minutes )
Procaine 9.1 Slow 45 - 90 8mg/kg –
10mg/kg
Lidocaine 7.9 Rapid 120 - 240 4.5mg/kg –
7mg/kg
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The Other Drugs in a Local Anesthesia Carpule
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Vasoconstrictors
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Clinical Consideration
These doesn`t mean the use of epinephrine free local anesthetics but to
make sure that it is not directly administrated in the blood.
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How is it administered?
There are two local anesthesia injections a dentist will use. There is
something called an infiltration injection which numbs a small area and
there is a block injection which numbs a larger region. All of the
injections are done in the interior of the mouth.
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Side Effects:
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Side Effects:
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References
§ Calatayud Jesús and González Ángel. History of the Development and Evolution of
Local Anesthesia Since the Coca Leaf. © 2003 American Society of
Anesthesiologists Volume 98(6) June 2003 pp 1503-1508.
§ Peter C. Meltzer, Shanghao Liu, Heather S. Blanchette, Paul Blundell, Bertha K.
Madras. Design and Synthesis of an Irreversible Dopamine-Sparing Cocaine
Antagonist. @ Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Volume 10, Issue 11 , November
2002, Pages 3583-3591
§ Shigeki Isomura, Timothy Z. Hoffman, Peter Wirsching, and Kim D. Janda. Synthesis,
Properties, and Reactivity of Cocaine BenzoylthioEster Possessing the Cocaine
Absolute Configuration. J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2002, Issue 124, p.3661-3668
§ Mazoit, Jean-Xavier; Dalens, Bernard J. Pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics in
infants and children. Clinical Pharmacokinetics (2004), 43(1), 17-32.
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