Hypotonic solution

-has a lower concentration of solutes and a

higher concentration of water relative to the
cytoplasm of the cell;
thus, the solution has less tone, or osmotic
pressure, than the cell
-water moves by osmosis into the cell,
causing it to swell; if the cell swells enough, it
can rupture, a process called Lysis

Isotonic solution
-concentrations of various solutes and water
are the same on both sides of the cell membrane
-cell therefore neither shrinks nor swells

Hypertonic solution
-has a higher concentration of solutes and a
lower concentration of water relative to the
cytoplasm of the cell
-water moves by osmosis from the cell into
the hypertonic solution, resulting in cell
shrinkage, or crenation

 Facilitated

diffusion
-carrier-mediated transport process that moves
substances across the cell membrane from an
area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration of that substance

 Active

transport
-carrier-mediated process that moves
substances across the cell membrane from
regions of lower concentration to those of
higher concentration against a concentration
gradient

Example:
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Moves Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells.
The result is a higher concentration of Na+
outside the cell and a higher concentration of K+
inside the cell.

 Secondary

Active Transport
-involves the active transport of one substance,
such as Na+, across the cell membrane,
establishing the concentration gradient;
diffusion of that transported substance down
its concentration gradient provides the energy
to transport a second substance, such as
glucose, across the cell membrane

 Endocytosis

and Exocytosis

Endocytosis
-uptake of material through the cell membrane
by the formation of a vesicle
-the cell membrane invaginates (folds inward)
to form a vesicle containing the material to be
taken into the cell;
the vesicle then moves into the cytoplasm

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
-cell membrane contains specific receptor
molecules that bind to specific subtances;
when a specific substance binds to the
receptor molecule, endocytosis is triggered, and
a substance is transported into the cell.
Cholesterol and growth factors are examples
of molecules that can be taken into a cell by this
process

Phagocytosis
-often used for endocytosis when solid
particles are ingested
-part of the cell membrane extends around a
particle and fuses so that the particle is
surrounded by the membrane;
that part of the membrane then pinches off
to form a vesicle containing the particle;
the vesicle is now within the cytoplasm of the
cell, and the cell membrane is left intact

White blood cells and some other cell types

phagocytize bacteria, cell debris, and foreign
particles;
Phagocytosis is an important means by
which white blood cells take up and destroy
harmful substances that have entered the
body

Pinocytosis
-smaller vesicles are formed and contain
liquid

Exocytosis
-membrane-bound sacs called secretory vesicles
accumulate materials for release from the cell;
they move to the cell membrane, where the
membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell
membrane, and the material in the vesicle is
eliminated from the cell
Example:
Secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas
and the secretion of mucus by the salivary glands