Chapter 6.

Sampling
and Pulse Modulation
Husheng Li
The University of Tennessee

Chopper Sampling

We introduce a switching function such that

x_s(t)=x(t)s(t), where

Nyquist Criterion
The sampling rate
should be at least
twice the bandwidth of
the signal, in order to
fully reconstruct the
signal.
Otherwise, there will
be aliasing effect.

Ideal Sampling and

Reconstruction
We consider the ideal sampling function:

The spectrum of the sampled signal is given by

Reconstruction of Signal
When the Nyquist criterion is satisfied, the
signal can be reconstructed by using
interpolation filter:

Homework
Deadline: Nov. 11, 2013

Sampling in Practice
We need to consider three factors of sampling
in practice:
The sampled wave consists of pulses having finite
amplitude and duration, rather than impulses.
Practical reconstruction filters are not ideal filters.
The message to be sampled are timelimited signals whose
spectra are not and cannot be strictly bandlimited.

Reconstruction Methods

Aliasing
The signal is filtered
using a RC LPF antialiasing
filter with bandwidth
B>>W.
The shaded area represents
the aliased components
that have spilled over the filters
passband.

Pulse-Amplitude
Modulation
If a message waveform is adequately described
by periodic sample values, it can be
transmitted using analog pulse modulation
wherein the sample values modulate the
amplitude of a pulse train. The process is called
pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM).

Flat-top Sampling and PAM

More popular than the chopper circuit, we can
use a sample-and-hold technique for PAM.

Spectrum of Flat-top
Sampling
The spectrum of the flat-top sampling is the
convolution of the ideal sampling spectrum and
the spectrum of pulse:

Aperture Effect
The loss of high-frequency content is called
aperture effect. The larger the pulse duration
is, the larger the effect is.
The aperture effect can be corrected in the
signal reconstruction:

Unipolar Flat-Top PAM

We define the unipolar flat-top PAM as

The resulting constant pulse rate f_s is

particularly important for synchronization in
time-division multiplexing.
The spectrum of the unipolar PAM is obtained
by replace X(f) with

Pulse-Time Modulation
The time parameters of a pulse train can also
be modulated:
PDM: pulse-duration modulation
PPM: pulse-position modulation

Generation of PDM or PPM

Signal Reconstruction

Properties of PDM/PPM
PDM and PPM need very sharp rising time t_r.
Then, the required bandwidth satisfies

which could be much larger than PAM.

The PDM and PPM have the potential for
wideband noise reduction, since the
information resides in the time location of the
pulse edges, not the pulses themselves.

Spectrum of PPM
Using the distribution theory of impulses, we
have

PPM with nonuniform sampling is a

combination of linear and exponential carrier
modulation.