Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ELECTRONICS
WELDING
The process of joining metals usually by heat or
sometimes with pressure and sometimes with
an intermediate or filter material with high
melting point.
I. WELDING SYSTEMS
1. BASIC INTERVALS
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Squeeze Interval
Weld Interval
Hold Interval
Release
Standby Interval
2. POPULAR WELDING
PROCESSES
a. Arc Welding
TIG Welding
MIG Welding
b. Solid State
Welding
c. Resistance
Welding
Spot Welding
Seam Welding
Upset Welding
BASIC INTERVALS
a. SQUEEZE INTERVAL
Welding electrode comes forward and engage
the metal pressing against the surface.
Typical squeeze time is 1 sec.
BASIC INTERVALS
b. WELD INTERVAL
Welding transformer is energized, current
flows and creates a weld.
On heat subinterval is a condition when the
current is on.
On cool subinterval is when the current is
of
Typical duration (2-10 sec).
BASIC INTERVALS
c. HOLD INTERVAL
Weld interval is finished.
Electrode pressure is maintained.
d. RELEASE
Welding electrode is retracted.
e. STANDBY INTERVAL
The time after release interval to the next
start sequence.
a. ARC WELDING
It is simply the use of electric arc to provide
heat.
Process of utilizing the concentrated heat of an
electric arc to join metal by fusion of the parent
metal and the addition of metal to joint usually
provided by a consumable electrode.
a.ARC WELDING
Various forms of arc
welding includes
electroslag welding,
plasma arc welding,
gas metal arc
welding, submerged
arc welding, gas
tungsten arc
welding, etc.
SOLID STATE
WELDING MACHINES
c. RESISTANCE WELDING
RESISTANCE
WELDING
SPOT WELDING
Resistance welding in which the weld is
produced by the heat obtained at the
interface between the work pieces.
SPOT WELDS
SEAM WELDING
Spots are very closed to each other that they
overlap and make a continuous seam weld.
SEAM
WELDING
MACHINE
UPSET WELDING
Resistance welding process applicable to
small welding areas.
UPSET WELDING
MACHINE
UPSET MOTION
REVIEW
QUESTIONS
1. The
time
between
the
first
application of electrode force and the
first application of welding current.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Squeeze time
Weld time
Hold time
Of period
2. Process
wherein
coalescence
is
produced by the heat obtained from
the resistance of the workpiece to the
flow of low voltage, high density
electric current in a circuit.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Forge welding
Resistance welding
Ultrasonic welding
LBW
Of period
Hold time
Squeeze time
Weld time
Hold time
Squeeze time
Of period
Weld time
Forge
Weld
Recombination
Coalescence
Weld time
Squeeze time
Hold time
Of period
Time duration
Current
Electrical resistance
Pressure applied
8. Resistance
component
workpieces.
a.
b.
c.
d.
welding
machine
that
holds
the
Electrical circuit
Electrode system
Mechanical system
None of the above
9. Resistance
spot
welding
(RSW)
machine type that is controlled by
hydraulic cylinders.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Miniature welders
Rocker-arm welder
Press-type welder
Portable spot welder
Control system
Electrical system
Electrode system
Mechanical system
Miniature welders
Rocker-arm welder
Press-type welder
Portable spot welder
Electrode
Current regulator
Control system
Mechanical system
13.Welding machine
workpieces.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Miniature welders
Rocker-arm welder
Press-type welder
Portable spot welder
use
for
large
Fusion welding
RW
Maul welding
Forge welding
Weld
Mold
Cast
Metal
Capacitor
Voltage regulator
Transformer
The secondary circuit
Ships
Automobiles
Airplanes
Rafts
Of period
Weld time
Squeeze time
Hold time
0.5 in
1 in.
1.5 in.
0.25 in.
Isaac Asimov
Karel Capek
Thomas Seebeck
Elihu Thomson
1935
1798
1886
1945
Coalition
Coincidence
Coalescense
Mixing
60 100 V
150 -200 V
400 440 V
1000 5000 V
15A
5 50 A
50 400 A
500 4000 A
Gas welding
Spot welding
Induction welding
Arc welding
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
Infrared rays
Ultraviolet rays
1. ELECTRON TUBES
a. Thyratron
b. Ignitron
2. THYRISTOR
a. Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
b. Triac
Shockley Diode
Silicon Unilateral Switch
DIAC
Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS)
Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)
Gate Turn Of Switch
Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)
ELECTRON TUBES
a. THYRATRON
A gas filled triode
used as an electrode
switch.
ELECTRON TUBES
b. IGNITRON
Electron tube containing
mercury and function as a
rectifier.
IGNITRON
1. Anode
2. Cathode
3. Ignitor
4. Mercury
5. Ceramic Insulators
6. Cooling Fluid
THYRISTOR
Solid state devices used as a switch in
applications that handles larger voltage and
currents.
Have at least four semiconductor layers.
Regenerative switching devices and cannot
operate in linear manner.
THYRISTOR
SCHEMATIC
SYMBOL
SCR
THYRISTOR
IH - HOLDING CURRENT
Anode current between the conducting
state and non-conducting state.
Turning ON an SCR
Apply enough gate triggering current.
Apply anode voltage equal to break-over
voltage.
THYRISTOR
b. TRIAC
Triode AC
A three-terminal device used to control the
average current flow to a load.
Can conduct current in either direction
when it is turned on so it is called a
bidirectional triode thyristor.
Acts like two SCRs connected in inverse
parallel so that each SCR conducts
alternately for every half cycle of an AC
signal.
Gated DIAC
TRIAC
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF TRIAC
1. Maximum Allowable Main Terminal RMS
Current
1 A, 3 A, 6 A, 10 A, 15 A and 25 A
2. Breakdown Voltage
Highest main terminal peak voltage the
triac can block in either direction typically
100 V, 200 V, 400 V and 600 V
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF TRIAC
3. On Stage Voltage Across the Terminals
Ideal value is 0 V
Typical value is 1-2 V
BREAK-OVER DEVICES
Small thyristors which do not switch the
main load current.
Useful as triggering devices.
a. SHOCKLEY DIODE
A 4-layer diode constructed like an SCR
but without gate terminal.
Unilateral triggering device for SCR.
ADVANTAGES OF SHOCKLEY
DIODE OVER SCR
Relatively independent of temperature.
BREAK-OVER DEVICES
BREAK-OVER DEVICES
BREAK-OVER DEVICES
d. DIAC
Diode AC
Constructed like a TRIAC
but
without
a
gate
terminal
Used as a trigger for
TRIAC circuits
Bilateral trigger diode
Symmetrical trigger diode
because its break-over
voltage is close 32 volts
BREAK-OVER DEVICES
BREAK-OVER DEVICES
BREAK-OVER DEVICES
APPLICATIONS OF UJT
INTERBASE RESISTANCE
FIRING POTENTIAL
Necessary to fire the UJT.
Equal or greater than
emitter and base1.
voltage
Vp = VBB + Vdiode
across
BREAK-OVER DEVICES
h. PROGRAMMABLE UNIJUNCTION
TRANSISTOR (PUT)
Similar operating characteristics as UJT
Programmable
because
the
internal
resistances of UJT are external for PUT and
can be selected to a certain desired response.
Anode
Anode
Gate
Cathode
P
N
P
N
Cathode
Gate
REVIEW
QUESTIONS
Triac
UJT
BJT
Diac
Trigger voltage
Breakover voltage
Barrier voltage
Supply voltage
Diac
Shockley diode
Zener diode
FET
UJT
PUT
SBS
SCS
Holding current
Trigger current
Supply current
Collector current
33.A
unidirectional-three
terminal
device,
the
most
popular
of
thyristors.
a.
b.
c.
d.
SCS
Triac
UJT
SCR
Conduction angle
Firing delay angle
Right angle
Of angle
Switches
Amplifiers
Bufers
Decoders
Bulks resistance
Total resistance
Interbase resistance
RIS
32 V
16 V
8V
4V
typical
12 V
13.6 V
12.7 V
14 V
Solution:
VEB1 = VD + VS
= 0.6 V + 0.65 (20 V)
= 13.6 V
Triac
SCR
Diac
SCS
Programmable
Performance
Peak
Post
Switching current
Emitter current
Valley current
Peak current
0
1
2
3
Triac
Diac
Shockley
SCR
10.7 V
23.7 V
15.7 V
5.3 V
Solution:
VP = VD + VG
= 0.7 V + 15 V
=15.7 V
Band gap
Switching region
Jump gap
Negative resistance region
forward
forward
Anode
Base2
Emitter
Base1
Thyratrons
Ignitrons
SCR
Triac
Transistors
Diodes
Thyristors
Op-Amps
SCS
Diac
Triac
PUT
BJT
DIAC
SCR
UJT
Fused junction
Unijunction
Alloy junction
Doped junction
2
2
3
3
terminal
terminal
terminal
terminal
switch
bilateral switch
unilateral switch
bidirectional switch
Diac
Triac
SCR
PUT
Trigger
Maintaining current
Holding current
Threshold voltage
Shockley
Thyratron
Thyristor
Relay
DIAC
Shockley
TRIAC
Diode
PNPN device
A combination of diac and triac
A set of SCRs
A set of SCR, diac and triac
Diac
Triac
SUS
SCS
Diac
Triac
SUS
SCR
Unijunction device
Device with three junctions
Device with four junctions
Device with two junctions
65.Minimum
duration
of
pulse
triggering system for thyristors is
________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
At
At
At
At
least
least
least
least
10 microseconds
30 milliseconds
10 milliseconds
1 second
Diac
Triac
SCS
All of the above
Arcing
Latching
Damping
Switching
Trigger
Maintaining current
Holding current
Threshold voltage
Thyratron
Ignitron
Thyrector
SCR
Crowbar
Snubber
Varistor
Eliminator
Arcing
Latching
Damping
Switching
Aspect ratio
Current gain
Voltage gain
Intrinsic standof ratio
Active region
Negative resistance region
Trigger region
Saturation region
Thyristor
Varactor
Thyrector
Phanatron
Conduction angle
Firing delay angle
Induction angle
ON angle
Varactor
Zener diode
Tunnel diode
SCR
Triode
VTVM
CRT
Thyratron
operating
The
The
The
The
junction diode
varactor diode
tunnel diode
hotcarrier diode
UJT
PNP
SCR
NPN
Crowbar
Snubber
Varistor
Eliminator
Crowbar
Snubber
Varistor
Eliminator
DIAC
Shockley
TRIAC
Diode
Shockley diodes
Schottky
BJT
SCRs
Shockley
Schottky
BJT
SCRs
BJT
DIAC
SCR
UJT
Aspect ratio
Current gain
Voltage gain
Intrinsic standof ratio
Active region
Negative resistance region
Trigger region
Saturation region
2V
4V
8V
16 V
Anode
Gate
Cathode
Base
Falldown region
Fallback region
Breakback region
Breakdown region
CONTROL SYSTEM
CONTROL SYSTEM
SERVO SYSTEM
Classified as closed-loop system
BASIC
SERVO
SET-UP
CONTROL
AMP
MOTOR
FEEDBACK
LOAD
a. POSITION SERVO
Control the position of the load.
In AC position servo, the amplitude and
phase of the AC error signal determine the
amount and direction the load will be driven.
In the DC position servo system, the
amplitude and polarity of the DC error signal
are used to determine the amount and
direction of the load will be driven.
LINEAR
POSITION SERVO
b. VELOCITY SERVO
Same principle of error signal generation
as position servo except that the velocity is
being sensed rather than the position.
c. ACCELERATION
SERVO
Similar to velocity
and position servos
except
that
the
acceleration of the
load is being sensed
rather than position
or velocity.
The tachometer of the
velocity
loop
is
replaced
with
an
accelerometer.
HIGH
ACCELERATION
SERVO
DAMPING
Used to stabilize a system to minimize or
eliminate the problem of overshot.
DAMPING CONDITIONS
UNDERDAMPED
Provides instant response to an error signal but
results in the load oscillating about the point of
synchronism.
OVERDAMPED
OVERDAMPED
UNDERDAMPED
TIME LAG
Servo characteristics defined as the time
between the input of the signal and the
actual movement of the load.
Undesirable and is reduce with the use of
high gain amplifiers.
Damping systems are added to smoothen the
operation.
SERVO DEVICES
a. AC SERVO MOTORS
Used in servo systems that move light
loads.
SERVO DEVICES
b. DC SERVO MOTORS
Control heavy loads and are widely used
in servo systems.
SERVO DEVICES
c. E-TRANSFORMER
Magnetic error detector that can be used in
systems
limited
by
large
angular
movements.
CROSSED E-TRANSFORMER
SERVO DEVICES
d. MODULATORS
Used to change a DC error signal into an
AC input error signal for servo amplifiers.
e. DEMODULATORS
Convert AC error signal to DC error
signal.
Drive a DC servo amplifier.
SERVO DEVICES
f. MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS
Used when power from a conventional
servo amplifier is too small to drive a large
servo motors.
SERVO DEVICES
g. RATE GENERATOR
Tachometer
Used in the velocity servo loop.
SERVO DEVICES
h. SERVO AMPLIFIER
Used in AC or DC servo system.
Must have a flat gain, minimum phase
shift and low noise level.
V. GYRO
GYROSCOPE
Applied to any rapidly
spinning object.
A
functional
gyroscope
is
constructed
and
mounted.
RATE GYROS are
specially mounted so
they are free to
precess in only one
direction
and
are
used
to
measure
angular rates.
GYROSCOPE
PROPERTIES OF GYROS
1. RIGIDITY
PROPERTIES OF GYROS
2. PRECESSION
Property of a gyro that causes it to tilt
in a direction perpendicular to the
direction of any outside force.
The direction of precession in a gyro
is always 90 from the direction of the
applied force.
COMPONENTS OF A UNIVERSALLY
MOUNTED GYRO
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rotor
Inner Gimbal
Outer Gimbal
Base
REVIEW
QUESTIONS
Synchro
Servo
Gyro
Motor
Error signal
Correct signal
Diferential signal
Error free signal
Eating
Climbing
Hunting
Resting
Clamping
Fanning
Damping
Lagging
Recession
Tecession
Precession
Post session
Mobility
Rigidity
Accuracy
Alternativity
One
Two
Three
Four
One
Two
Three
Four
Decision
Precession
Weight
Spin
Inertia meter
Accelerometer
Speedometer
Voltmeter
HAPPY
REVIEW!