Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Alok Kumar Singh
Rate of Change of
Quantities
dy/dx or f(x) represents rate of change of any
function y w.r.t. to variable x.
Find the rate of change of the area of a circle per
second with respect to its radius r when r = 5 cm
The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9
cubic centimetres per second. How fast is the
surface area increasing when the length of an
edge is 10 centimetres ?
Problems
The total cost C(x) in Rupees, associated with the
production of x units of an item is given by C(x) =
0.005 x3 0.02 x2 + 30x + 5000. Find the
marginal cost when 3 units are produced, where
by marginal cost we mean the instantaneous rate
of change of total cost at any level of output.
The total revenue in Rupees received from the
sale of x units of a product is given by R(x) = 3x2
+ 36x + 5. Find the marginal revenue, when x =
5, where by marginal revenue we mean the rate
of change of total revenue with respect to the
number of items sold at an instant.
Example
Find local maximum and local minimum values of
the function f given by f (x) = 3x4 + 4x3 12x2 +
12.
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values
of a function f given by f (x) = 2x3 15x2 + 36x +1
on the interval [1, 5].
An Apache helicopter of enemy is flying along the
curve given by y = x2 + 7. A soldier, placed at (3,
7), wants to shoot down the helicopter when it is
nearest to him. Find the nearest distance.
Manufacturer can sell x items at a price of rupees
(5 x/100) each. The cost price of x items is Rs
(x/5+500). Find the number of items he should sell
to earn maximum profit.
Counting Methods
Counting methods for computing probabilities
Permutations
order matters!
Combinations
Order doesnt
matter
With replacement
Without replacement
Without replacement
Example
Permutations and Combinations are very similar.
But the greatest difference between the two is that
permutations are concerned with the order of the
items in a given set, where combinations are not.
For example. combination could be used to find how
many ways five of eight students can be chosen to
go on a field trip to the movies. (We are only
concerned with the students, not their particular
arrangement).
With a permutation, we could figure out how many
ways these students can be arranged to sit by one
another at the movie. (Here, order is important)
PermutationsOrder
matters!
A permutation is an ordered arrangement of
objects.
With replacement=once an event occurs, it can occur
again (after you roll a 6, you can roll a 6 again on the
same die).
Without replacement=an event cannot repeat (after you
draw an ace of spades out of a deck, there is 0
probability of getting it again).
Combinations
Order doesnt
matter
Permutations
order matters!
With replacement: nr
Without replacement:
n(n-1)(n-2)(n-r+1)=
n!
(n r )!
Without
replacement:
n
n!
(n r )!r!
Problems
Find the number of 4 letter words, with or without
meaning, which can be formed out of the letters of
the word ROSE, where the repetition of the letters
is not allowed. Also find the number when
repetition is allowed.
How many 2 digit even numbers can be formed
from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if the digits can be
repeated?
A committee of 3 persons is to be constituted from
a group of 2 men and 3 women. In how many ways
can this be done? How many of these committees
would consist of 1 man and 2 women?