Chapter two

FORCES AND MOTIONS

Linear Motion
Kinematics is the research regarding the types
of movement of an object without referring to the
forces that cause the movement of the object.
Movement along a straight line is called linear
motion.
Under linear motion, we study the
distance and displacement
speed and velocity
acceleration
and the relationship between them.

Distance
Definition:
Thedistancetraveledbyanobjectisthetotal lengththatistraveledby
thatobject.
SI unit:meter(m)
Quantity:Scalar
Displacement
Definition:
Displacementofanobjectfromapointofreference,Oistheshortest
distanceoftheobjectfrompointOinaspecific direction.
SI unit:meter(m)
Quantity:Vector

Example:

ThedistanceofpointBfromtheoriginOis100m.
ThedistanceofpointAfromtheoriginOisalso100m.
ThedisplacementofpointBfromtheoriginOis+100m.
ThedistanceofpointAfromtheoriginOis-100m.
The+andsignshowthedirectionofthedisplacement.

Example:

Adligotoworkbymotorcycleeverydayas
showninthediagramabove.
ThedistancethatAdlitravelsfromhishouse
tothefactoryis200m.
ThedisplacementofAdlifromhishouse
afterarrivingatthefactoryis120m.

Speed
1.Speedisdefinedastherate of changeindistance.Itisameasure
ofhowfastthedistancechangeinamovement.
2.Speedisa scalar quantity.
3.TheSIunitofspeedism/s(metrepersecond)
Equation of Speed

Velocity
1.Velocityisdefineastherate of displacement change.Itisthe
measureofhowfastthedisplacementchangeofamovingobject.
2.Velocityisavector quantity.
3.Theunitofvelocityism/s(metrepersecond)
Equation of velocity

Positive or Negative Sign of

Velocity
In velocity, the positive/negative sign indicates
direction.
You can take any direction as positive and the opposite
as negative.
For a linear motion, normally we take the motion to the
right as positive and hence the motion to the left as
negative.

Acceleration
Acceleration is defined as the rate of velocity change. It is a
measure of how fast the velocity change.
Acceleration is a vector quantity.
The unit of acceleration is ms-2.
An object moving with a velocity that is decreasing is said to be
experiencing deceleration.

Example:
A car travels from a stationary
position and reach a velocity of
36 ms-1 in 8 seconds. What is
the acceleration of the car?
Answer:
Initial velocity, u = 0
Final velocity, v = 36 ms-1
Time taken, t = 8s
Acceleration, a = ?

Positive and Negative Sign of Acceleration

1.Accelerationisavectorquantity,itssign(positiveor
negative)isdeterminedby
a.itsdirection
b.rate of change of the speed
2.Ifthespeedofanobjectisincreasing,therateof
changeofthespeedispositive,andifthespeedofan
objectisdecreasing,therateofchangeofthespeedis
negative.
3.Tablebelowshowsthepositive/negativesignof
accelerationrelatedtothedirectionandrateofchange
ofspeed


a.Whenboththedirectionandchangeofspeedarepositive,the
accelerationispositive.
b.Whenthedirectionispositiveandthechangeofspeedis
negative(speeddecrease),thentheaccelerationisnegative.This
isequivalenttodeceleration.
c.Whenthedirectionisnegativeandthechangeofspeedis
positive(speedincrease),thentheaccelerationisalsonegative.
Sincethespeedincrease,hencethisisnotdeceleration.
d.Whenboththedirectionandchangeofspeedarenegative,the
accelerationispositive.

Additional Notes
*An object that experiences changes in velocity
is said to have acceleration.
*Changes of velocity can be
-change of speed
-change of direction
*An object traveling with a constant
acceleration, a, if the velocity changes at
a constant rate.

Equation of Uniform Acceleration

Mostofthemotionproblemscanbesolvedbythefollowingequations.Therefore,
makesurethatyoumemoriseallofthem.
Howweknowwhentousetheequation?

Motion with Uniform Acceleration Example 1

Example 1:
Anobjectacceleratesfromstationarywiththeaccelerationof4ms -2.Whatisthe
velocityoftheobjectafter7s?
Answer:
It'sadvisabletolistdownalltheinformationthatwehave.
Initialvelocity,u=0(Becausethemotionstartfromstationary)
Acceleration,a=4ms-2
Timetaken,t=7s
Finalvelocity,v=?
Thedisplacement,s,isnotinvolved,henceweselecttheequationtosolve
theproblem.

Example 2
Acarismovingwithvelocity5ms-1reachesavelocityof25ms1
in5s.Whatistheaccelerationofthecar?
Answer:
It'sadvisabletolistdownalltheinformationthatwehave.
Initialvelocity,u=5ms-1
Finalvelocity,v=25ms-1
Timetaken,t=5s
Acceleration,a=?
Thedisplacement,s,isnotinvolved,henceweselectthe
equationtosolvetheproblem.

Example 3
Acyclistridingataspeedof40ms-1brakedwithuniformaccelerationandstoppedin
40m.Howlongdidhetaketostop?
Answer:
It'sadvisabletolistdownalltheinformationthatwehave.
Initialvelocity,u=40ms-1
Finalvelocity,v=0(Becausethecycliststop)
Displacement,s=40m
Timetaken,t=?
Theacceleration,a,isnotinvolved,henceweselecttheequation......Tosolvethe
problem.

Answer:
It'sadvisabletolistdownalltheinformationthatwehave.
Inthisquestion,thereare3stagesofmotion.
0s - 10s
Initialvelocity,u=0(Becausethecarstartfromrest)
Acceleration,a=3ms-2
Timetaken,t=10s
Displacement,s=?
10s - 15s
Inthisstage,thecarmoveswithaconstantvelocity.Thevelocityisequaltothefinalvelocityofprevious
stage.Wecanusetheequationtodeterminethevelocity.
Therefore,.
15s - 20s
Inthisstage,thecarundergoesdeceleration.
Initialvelocity,u=30ms-1
Finalvelocity,v=0(Thecarstopattheend)
Timetaken,t=5s
Displacement,s=?
Totaldistancetravelled=150+150+75=375m

Ticker Tape Timer

1.Atickertapetimerconsistsofanelectricalvibratorwhichvibrates50timesper
secondor50hertz.
2.Thisenablesittomake50dotspersecondonaticker-tapebeingpulledthroughit.
3.Thetimeintervalbetweentwoadjacentdotsontheticker-tapeiscalledonetick.
4.Onetickoronedot-space(timeinterval)isequalto1/50sor0.02s.

The ticker time can be used to

determine :
- Diplacement of an object
- Time interval of a motion
- Velocity of an object
- Acceleration of an object
- Type of motion of an object

Example:
Findthenumberofticksandthetimeintervalbetweenthefirstdotandthelastdoton
eachofthetickertapesbelow.Thefrequencyofthetickertimerisequalto50Hz.
a.

b.

c.

Answer:
a.Numberofticks=15,timeinterval=15x0.02s=0.3s
b.Numberofticks=5,timeinterval=5x0.02s=0.1s
c.Numberofticks=8,timeinterval=8x0.02s=0.16s

The distance between dots on a ticker tape

Thedistancebetweentwoadjacentdotsonaticker-tape
representsthedisplacementoftheobjectinatick(0.02s).
Iftheobjectmovesquickly,thedotsarefarapart.Iftheobject
movesslowly,thedotsareclosetoeachother.
Figurebelowshowstheticker-tapesproducedbyafastanda
slow-movingobject.

Ticker-tape charts
We can construct a ticker-tape charts by cutting the
ticker-tape into length with an equal number of dots on
each length and sticking the length side by side on a
graph paper, in the same order that they were on the
whole tape.
The diagram below shows an example of ticker-tape
chart. There are 10 ticks on each length. This means
that each length represents a time interval of 0.2s.
Ticker-tape charts are very useful in analyzing the
motion of an object.

Analysing Ticker Tape

Uniform Velocity
Thedistanceofthedotsisequallydistributed.
Alllengthsoftapeinthechartareofequallength.
Theobjectismovingatauniformvelocity.

Uniform Acceleration

Thedistancebetweenthedotsincreasesuniformly.
Thelengthofthestripsoftapeinthechartincreaseuniformly.
Thevelocityoftheobjectisincreasinguniformly,i.e.theobjectismovingataconstantaccelerati

Force
A force is push or pull exerted on an object.
Force is a vector quantity that has magnitude and direction.
The unit of force is Newton ( or kgms-2).
Unbalanced Force/ Resultant Force
When the forces acting on an object are not balanced, there
must be a net force acting on it. The net force is known as the
unbalanced force or the resultant force.
When a force acts on an object, the effect can change the
size,
shape,
stationary state,
speed and
direction of the object.

Newton's Second Law

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction.
Implication:
When there is resultant force acting on an object, the object will
accelerate (moving faster, moving slower or change direction).

Newton's First Law:

When there is no net force acting on an object, the object is
either stationary or move with constant speed in a straight line.
Newton's Second Law:
When there is a net force acting on an object, the object will
accelerate.

Example 2
A object of mass 50kg is placed on a horizontal floor with a
smooth surface. If the velocity of the object changes from
stationary to 25.0 m/s in 5 seconds when is acted by a force, find
the magnitude of the force that is acting?
Answer:
We know that we can find the magnitude of a force by using the
formula F = ma. The mass m is already given in the question, but
the acceleration is not give directly.
We can determine the acceleration from the formula

Example 1
A box of mass 150kg is placed on a horizontal floor with a smooth
surface; find the acceleration of the box when a 300N force is acting on
the box horizontally.
Answer:
F = ma
(300) = (150)a
a = 2 ms-2

Impulse
Impulse is defined as the product of the force (F)
acting on an object and the time of action (t).
Impulse exerted on an object is equal to the
momentum change of the object. Impulse is a vector
quantity.
Formula of impulse
Impulse is the product of force and time.
Impulse = F t
Impulse = momentum change
Impulse = mv - mu

impulsive Force
Impulsive force is defined as the rate of change
of momentum in a reaction.
It is a force which acts on an object for a very
short interval during a collision or explosion.
Example 1
A car of mass 1000kg is traveling with a velocity
of 25 m/s. The car hits a street lamp and is
stopped in0.05 seconds. What is the impulsive
force acting on the car during the crash?

Effects of impulse vs Force

A force determines the acceleration (rate of velocity
change) of an object. A greater force produces a higher
acceleration.
An impulse determines the velocity change of an object. A
greater impulse yield a higher velocity change.
Examples Involving Impulsive Force
Playing football
Playing badminton
Playing tennis
Playing golf
Playing baseball