POWER-MANAGEMENT

STRATEGIES FOR A GRIDCONNECTED PV-FC HYBRID

SYSTEM

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

Mr.N.MAHENDER
Assoc. Professor

PRESENTED BY

V.MAHESH
M.TECH (PE)
11641D4304

ABSTRACT

This project presents a method to operate a grid connected

hybrid system. The hybrid system composed of a Photovoltaic (PV)
array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is
considered. The PV array normally uses a maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique to continuously deliver the highest
power to the load when variations in irradiation and temperature
occur, which make it become an uncontrollable source. In
coordination with PEMFC, the hybrid system output power
becomes controllable. Two operation modes, the unit-power control
(UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode, can be
applied to the hybrid system. The proposed operating strategy with
a flexible operation mode change always operates the PV array at
maximum output power and the PEMFC in its high efficiency
performance band, thus improving the performance of system
operation, enhancing system stability, and decreasing the number
of operating mode changes.

Existing systems
Renewable energy is currently widely used. One
of these resources is solar energy. The disadvantage
of PV energy is that the PV output power depends
on weather conditions and cell temperature, making
it an uncontrollable source with help of only pv
system load requirement fulfillment is difficult .
Loads also suffer from the power interruption.

Proposed systems
The

hybrid system can either be connected to the main

grid or work autonomously with respect to the gridconnected mode or islanded mode, respectively.
In the grid-connected mode, the hybrid source is
connected to the main grid at the point of common
coupling (PCC) to deliver power to the load.
When load demand changes, the power supplied by the
main grid and hybrid system must be properly changed.
The power delivered from the main grid and PV array as
well as PEMFC must be coordinated to meet load demand.
The hybrid source has two control modes: 1) unit-power
control (UPC) mode and feeder-flow control (FFC) mode.

 In

the UPC mode, variations of load demand are

compensated by the main grid because the hybrid source
output is regulated to reference power.
Therefore, the reference value of the hybrid source output
must be determined. In the FFC mode, the feeder flow is
regulated to a constant, the extra load demand is picked up
by the hybrid source, and, hence, the feeder reference
power must be known.
The proposed operating strategy is to coordinate the two
control modes and determine the reference values of the
UPC mode and FFC mode so that all constraints are
satisfied.
This operating strategy will minimize the number of
operating mode changes, improve performance of the
system operation, and enhance system stability.

MAIN BLOCK DIAGRAM GRID-CONNECTED PV-FC HYBRID

SYSTEM.

MODIFIED Block diagram

Power
generati
on

MPPT

PV

PMFC

PCC

PWM

DC/D
C

DC/D
C

inverter

Loads

PWM

Renewable energy
Renewable

energyisenergy which comes

fromnatural resources such assunlight, wind,
rain,tides, andgeothermal heat, which
arerenewable(naturally replenished).
About 16% of global final energy consumption
comes from renewable, with 10% coming from
traditional biomass, which is mainly used
forheating, and 3.4% fromhydroelectricity.
New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass,
wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted
for another 3% and are growing very rapidly.
The share of renewables inelectricity generation is
around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming
from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.

Mainstream forms of renewable

energy
Wind

power
Hydropower
Solar energy
Biomass
Bio fuel
Geothermal energy

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy is unique source

of energy, which can be
exploited in many ways
By direct conversion to a fuel
by photosynthesis.
By direct conversion to
electricity by photovoltaic
By direct conversion to
electricity via. thermoelectric
power system.

PHOTOVOLTAICS
When sunlight strikes the surface of a pv cell, the electrical
field provides momentum and direction to light-stimulated
electrons, resulting in a flow of current when the solar cell is
connected to an electrical load.

How much solar energy?

The surface receives about 47% of the total solar

energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is
usable.

FUTURE DEVELOMENTS
PV technology is not currently competitive
with conventional electricity and other renewable
because power generated by a PV system typically costs
around 60p-70p/kwh.
PV as a high cost technology requires
government support to make its use more widespread.

APPLICATIONS
Solar photovoltaic systems have found applications
in households, agriculture, telecommunications, defence
and railways.

Schematic Diagram of a Fuel Cell

14

Fuel Cell Stack

15

Mechanism for Methanol Oxidation

Electro sorption (forming Pt-CH2OH, Pt2CHOH species) of methanol onto Platinum

layer deposited on MEA

Addition of oxygen to absorbed carbon

containing intermediates generating CO2

16

Operation of Fuel Cell

17

Types of Fuel Cells

Fuel Cell

Operating Conditions

Alkaline FC (AFC)

Operates at room temp. to 80 0C

Apollo fuel cell

Proton Exchange
Membrane FC (PEMFC)

Operates best at 60-90 0C

Hydrogen fuel
Originally developed by GE for space

Phosphoric Acid FC (PAFC)

Operates best at ~200 0C

Hydrogen fuel
Stationary energy storage device

Molten Carbonate FC (MCFC)

Operates best at 550 0C

Nickel catalysts, ceramic separator membrane
Hydrocarbon fuels reformed in situ

Solid Oxide FC (SOFC)

Operates at 900 0C
Conducting ceramic oxide electrodes
Hydrocarbon fuels reformed in situ

Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

(DMFC)

Operates best at 60-90 0C

Methanol Fuel
For portable electronic devices

Experimental Section
Membrane Preparation
Preparation of
clay support

Quaternization
by dichloroethane
and triethylamine

Styrene, AIBN,
BPO, DMA,
Bulk
polymerization
at 700 C

Casting of
prepolymer
syrup on wet clay
support
700 C, 12
h
Gas phase nitration
of the membrane at
1100 C

Amination of the
membrane using
hydrazine
hydrate
19

Advantages
Power

management
Stability
Reduce the no of modes
Effective cost

Applications
In

power distribution
In industrial areas

SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig. Operating strategy of the hybrid source.

Fig. Operating strategy of the whole system.

Fig. Change of operating modes.

Fig. The operating strategy of the hybrid source

Fig. Operating strategy of the whole

system.

Fig. Change of operating modes.

Conclusion
This paper has presented an available method to
operate a hybrid grid-connected system. The hybrid
system, composed of a PV array and PEMFC, was
considered. The operating strategy of the system is
based on the UPC mode and FFC mode. The purposes
of the proposed operating strategy presented in this
paper are to determine the control mode, to minimize
the number of mode changes, to operate PV at the
maximum power point, and to operate the FC output in
its high-efficiency performance band.

Software requirements
Out

put
Simulation

Tools
Matlab /simulink

REFERENCES
[1] T. Bocklisch, W. Schufft, and S. Bocklisch, Predictive and
optimizing energy management of photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid
systems with short time energy storage, in Proc. 4th Eur. Conf. PVHybrid and Mini- Grid, 2008, pp. 815.
[2] J. Larmine and A. Dicks, Fuel Cell Systems Explained. New
York: Wiley, 2003.
[3] W. Xiao, W. Dunford, and A. Capel, A novel modeling method
for photovoltaic cells, in Proc. IEEE 35th Annu. Power Electronics
Specialists Conf., Jun. 2004, vol. 3, pp. 19501956.
[4] D. Sera, R. Teodorescu, and P. Rodriguez, PV panel model
based on datasheet values, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Industrial
Electronics, Jun. 47, 2007, pp. 23922396.
[5] C. Wang, M. H. Nehrir, and S. R. Shaw, Dynamic models and
model validation for PEM fuel cells using electrical circuits, IEEE
Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 442451, Jun. 2005.

THANK U