1.

2.
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4.
5.
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7.
8.
9.

What is APA?
Why use APA?
General Format APA
In-Text Citation
Paraphrasing Versus Quoting
References
Number Rules
Mechanics
Plagiarism

When to cite?
The APA Manual (6th ed.)
says you must cite when
paraphrasing, quoting an
author directly, or describing
an idea that influenced your
work (p. 170).

professional
standard

need to know
when you publish

need for
continued
graduate work

started in 1928

anthropological and
psychological journal
editors met

purpose: to standardize
publication formats

first guidelines 7 pages

long

latest 6th edition

printed 2009 summer

 Give

credit to others ideas

Make

it easy to find references

Provide

a standardized way of
formatting academic documents
such as journal articles: e.g.
methodological papers, theory
papers, case studies, and student
papers

The APA format is most often used to write in discipline

within the social and behavioral sciences. If you are
professional writer, student, researcher or professional in
field within these disciplines, you must know how to writ
under APA guidelines for writing assignments, articles o
manuscripts for publication. The following fields usuall
require writing with APA style:

Social sciences

Psychology

Linguistics

Sociology

Economics

Criminology

Business

Nursing

 Literature

review
This type of
writing assignment
is simply a review of
the research
literature that
applies to your topic
or proposed
question. It is not
the same as an
annotated
bibliography.

An

experimental
report is the
presentation of the
results of your
primary research. In
other words, it lays
out your research
question, the
methods you used to
conduct research,
your research

When in doubt about documentation:

Check credible sources, starting with
the APA Manual, 6th edition and your
professor.
Use the source-type closest to your
situation, considering whether the
source:
is published/non-published.
has an author/no author.
is retrievable/non-retrievable .
is print, electronic or some other media.

Margins: 1 inch around

Font: Times New Roman 12 pt.

Line spacing: double spaced

throughout

Word spacing:
1 space after commas, colons, and semicolons
1 space after period in name (A. B. Smith)
1 space after period separating parts of
reference citation
1 or 2 spaces after periods in sentences
in text

Template of general layout:

Title page:
Should include a running head, authors note, and
class information*
An authors note is usually not included in theses
and dissertations
Abstract
Should not be indented
Reference page
Should have a titleReferenceswhich is centered,
not bolded, and in upper/lower case.
Entries should be arranged alphabetically by
surname of the author or by title.

 Author-date

method of citation

(authors last name, date of

publication)

Two basic ways to cite:

1) According to Smith (2009), humans have one
less
chromosomes than animals.
2) Chimpanzees are the closest ancestors that
humans have to another species (Smith, 2009).

Use both authors names every time

If you use a stem phrase, use the word
and:
Example: In their study of the long-term effects of

cognitive therapy, Crowder and Marsh (1998)

suggest that.

If you dont use a stem phrase use an

ampersand:
One study (Crowder & Marsh, 1998)
suggests that.

Paraphrasing within text:

In a 1989 article, Gould explores some of Darwins most
effective metaphors.

Author cited in text:

Gould (1989) attributed Darwins success to his gift for
making the appropriate metaphor.

Author not cited in text:

As metaphors for the workings of nature, Darwin used the
tangled bank, the tree of life, and the face of nature (Gould,
1989).

Two Authors
Smith and Foster (2009)
(Smith & Foster, 2009)
Three Authors
Smith, Foster, and Ross (2009)
*Smith et al. (2009) Et al. subsequent times
(Smith, Foster, & Ross, 2009)
*(Smith et al., 2009) Et al. subsequent times

Five Authors
Smith, Foster, Ross, Butler, and Xavier
(2009)
*Smith et al. (2009) Et al. subsequent
times
(Smith, Foster, Ross, Butler, & Xavier,
2009)
*(Smith et al., 2009) Et al. subsequent
times

Six Authors or more

Smith et al. (2009)
(Smith et al., 2009)
Et al. Initially and subsequent
times

Example:

Several studies (Balda, 1980; Kammil,

1988; Pepperberg & Funk, 1990)
confirm the use of metaphors increases
learning.

First citation in text:

Wasserstein, Zappula, Rosen, German, and Rock

(1994) found. . .
The use of metaphors was found to be helpful
(Wasserstein, Zappula, Rosen, German, & Rock, 1994)

Subsequent citations (3 or more authors):

Wasserstein and colleagues (1994) found
Wasserstein et al. (1994) found
The use of metaphors was found to be helpful

(Wasserstein et al., 1994)

 What

is a personal
communication?
Email, lectures, letters, memos,

telephone conversations, e-bulletin

boards, and personal interviews, etc.
Any source that doesnt provide
recoverable data
Do

not provide a reference; cite

in the text only.

 Give

initials as well as a
surname and as exact a date
as you can:
Example: In a personal interview,

one RN suggested to me (K.T

MacDonald,
personal
communication, March 17, 2010)
that cognitive therapy is most
effective when.

According

to
Palladino and Wade
(2010), a flexible
mind is a healthy
mind (p. 147).

In

2010, Palladino
and Wade noted
that a flexible
mind is a healthy
mind (p. 147).

In

fact, a flexible
mind is a healthy
mind
(Palladino
& Wade, 2010, p.
147).

flexible mind is a
healthy
mind,
according to Palladino
and Wades (2010, p.
147)
longitudinal
study.

Palladino

and Wades
(2010)
results
indicate
that
a
flexible mind is a
healthy
mind
(p.
147).

A source that quotes or paraphrases another

source that YOU did not read in the original

Example: If Thompson wrote in a 2001 publication

on p. 201:
n 1989, Crowder et al. suggested that cognitive
therapy was most effectively administered by
specially trained medical staff. They concluded
that, When compared to non-medical staff. (p.
52).
n this case, Thompson would be the secondary
source, and Crowder would be the primary source.

 Then,

you would cite the

secondary source if you have
not read the original. In this
case,
you
would
cite
Thompson:

Crowder et al., in their 1989 study,

suggested that cognitive therapy was

most effectively administered(as cited
in Thompson, 2001, p.201). *

Text:

Seidenberg and McCellands study (as cited in Coltheart,

Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993).
Reference page:

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993).

Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and paralleldistributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review,
100, 589-608.

Use sparingly!

Cite the source by its title in the signal

phrase or use the first word or two in the
parenthetical citation. Titles of books and
reports are italicized or underlined; titles of
articles, chapters, and web pages are in
quotation marks, with the comma inside
the quotes.
Examples:

In addition, the study that appears on the website,

Using APA (2001), suggests.

A similar study was done of students learning to format
research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

 Bring a copy of your journal articles.

Highlight/Underline the in-text citation.

Then label it according to the

a. number of authors
b. is it a primary/secondary
c. is it a personal communication
d. no author
e. one work with multiple authors
f. stem phrase/not a stem phrase

What is a paraphrase?
Most

simply, its a rewording

of someone elses words and
ideas in about the same
number of words as the
original.

 The

APA Manual says, Each

time you paraphrase another
author
(i.e.,
summarize
a
passage or rearrange the order
of sentence and change some of
the words), you need to credit
the source in the text (p.15).

On the subject of paraphrasing, the sixth

edition of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association
(2010)
advises that all of an authors words to be
cited should appear in the same paragraph and
be cited at the end.* In addition, it suggests
that page and paragraph numbers should be
included so readers can easily find the source
material (American Psychological Association,
pp.16, 170).**

This advice suggests that writers should

paraphrase with their readers in mind.

 The
The
The

wording is too close to the original.

syntax is too close to the original.
paraphrase is false or misleading.*

An inaccurate paraphrase is one in which the student has

not fully grasped the intent of the original information.

A misleading (false) paraphrase is more serious. In a
misleading paraphrase, the original information has been
skewed or slanted so as to deliberately misrepresent the
authors original intent

Paraphrases

that are too long

The original quotation from Bob

Simpson on a website reads
Although some people believe
the Lamborgotti Fasterossa is the
fastest car in the world, others
name the Ferrari as the fastest.
Which is the best paraphrase?

 a)

If we compare Italian cars, most

experts believe the Lamborgotti
Fasterossa is the fastest car in the world
(Simpson, 2006).

b)

Bob Simpson (2006) says that while

some people believe the Lamborgotti
Fasterossa is the worlds fastest car, other
people believe the Ferrari is the fastest.

c) According to one race car driver, although

some people believe the Lamborgotti
Fasterossa is the fastest car in the world,
others name the Ferrari as the fastest
(Simpson, 2006).
d) Bob Simpson (2006) claims that there is
debate over which car the Lamborgotti
Fasterossa or the Ferrari---is the worlds
fastest car.

 Include

all of the elements of a

citation that you use for a paraphrase
and in addition, provide a page
number. Make stem phrases work
grammatically with quotes. Put any
words in brackets that dont appear
in the quote. Indicate any omissions
with an ellipsis, using four dots for
omissions between sentences.

 In his study of the long-term effects of cognitive

therapy, Crowder (1998) states, personnel who

were given a six week, specialized course in cognitive
therapy demonstrated (p. 287).
Researchers in one study (Crowder & Marsh, 1998)

concluded that personnel who were given a six

week, specialized course (p. 287).
Researchers in one study (Crowder & Marsh, 1998)

concluded that [medical] personnel who were

given a six week, specialized course.were more
likely to ask appropriate questions of clients (p.
287).

Integrate

the quote into a

sentence; dont make it stand
alone.
Integrate the quote into a
sentence grammatically.
Make sure the sentences before
the quote prepare the reader
for its meaning.

 a)

Susan Keaveney (2004) explains

that Gen Xers will develop a new
kind of management style. Having
rebelled against standard business
hours and micromanagement, they
might find it difficult to make such
demands of their subordinates (p.
102).

 b)

Susan Keaveney (2004) explains

that Gen Xers will develop a new
kind of management style. They
have rebelled against standard
business
hours
and
micromanagement, [so] they might
find it difficult to make such
demands of their subordinates (p.
102).*

c) Susan Keaveney (2004) explains

that Gen Xers will develop a new
kind of management style: Having
rebelled against standard business
hours and micromanagement, they
might find it difficult to make such
demands of their subordinates (p.
102).

d) Susan Keaveney (2004) explains

that Gen Xers will develop a new kind
of management style because of their
attitudes towards being managed:
Having rebelled against standard
business
hours
and
micromanagement, they might find it
difficult to make such demands of
their subordinates (p. 102).

Direct quote from author:

Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor
of the tree of life to express the other form of
interconnectedness-genealogical
rather
than
ecological-and to illustrate both success and failure in
the history of life (p.14).

Direct quote
author:

without

name

of

Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life to

express the other form of interconnectednessgenealogical rather than ecological (Gould, 1989,
p.14).

General format for long quotes:

indented 5 spaces
do not use quotation marks
citation appears one space after last
punctuation of quote

Friedman (2006) draws connections between two seemingly disparate

events: November 9 (dismantling of the Berlin Wall) and September
11 (attack on the World Trade Center). He believes

these two dates represent the two competing forms of

imagination at work in the world today: the creative
imagination of 11/9 and the destructive imagination of 9/11.
One brought down a wall and opened the windows of the
world. . . [the other] putting up new invisible and concrete
walls among people. (p. 543). (p. 543) (p. 543)

(p. 543)

 Indent

when, and only

when it is over 40 words:
do a word count to be sure.

Do

not
use
quotation
marks in a block quotation

NEUTRAL
Contends
Observes
Points out
Concludes
Discusses
Explains
Acknowledge

s
Reveals

POSITION/ANALYSIS
Agrees
Disagrees
Admits
Claims
Refutes
Denies
Compares
Endorses

References

page

are listed on separate

Only

citations that appear in the text

should appear on the reference page

Everything

cited in the text should

appear on the reference page.

References

are double-spaced,
flush left with subsequent lines
indented 5 spaces

General format:
Author, A. A (year, add month and date of
publication for daily or weekly publications).
Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
number(issue), pages.

Example:

Little, D. W. (200l). Leading change: Creating

the future for education technology. Syllabus
International, 15(5), 22-24.

General format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
(year of publication). Title of work: Capital
letter also for subtitle (number ed.).
Location City, State Abbreviation: Publisher.
Example:

Anderson, A. B., Smith, S. D., & Jones, J. C.

(1978). A distant mirror: The calamitous
fourteenth century (3rd ed.). New York, NY:
Knopf.

General format:
Author, A. A. (date of publication). Title of
chapter. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of book
(pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.

Example:

James, J. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The

Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In
D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic
(pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

DOIs are unique strings of

numbers used to identify
online articles content and
provide a persistent link to
their location on the
Internet.
1.When

DOIs are present, no

longer have to include URL.

2.When

DOIs are not

present, include URL

General format:
Author, A. A. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume(number), page numbers. doi:
xx.xxxxxxx
Example:

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer

support, marital status, and the survival times of
terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

General format:
Author, A. A. (date of publication). Title of article.
Title of Journal, volume(number), page numbers.
Retrieved from URL
Example:

Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional

intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived
early parental love and adult happiness. Applied
Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual

comparisons
through the mind's eye.
Memory &
Cognition, 3, 635-647.
doi:10.1037/02786133.24.2.225

Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981).

Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal
of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7.
Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of
dogs. E-journal of Applied Psychology,
2(2), 38 -48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fd

Becker, E. (2001, August 27).

Prairie farmers
reap conservation's
rewards. The New
York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com

Brislin, R. W. (1984). Cross-cultural psychology.

In R. J. Corsini (Ed.), Encyclopedia of
psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 319-327). New York,
NY: Wiley.
Developmental genetics. (2005). In Cambridge
encyclopedia of child development.
Retrieved from http://0
www.credoreference.com.library.

Buster, T. C. (2000a). Does it matter who sponsors ESL

classes? An examination of pupil retention. The journal of
the immigrant experience, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 2-23.

Whats wrong? For reference entries, drop The

from
journal
titles.
Use
headline-style
capitalization for journal titles (i.e., capitalize
each word of four or more letters). Drop vol
and no from the volume and issue numbers.
Do not include pp. with page range for
journal articles, and use the hanging indent
format

 Correct:

Buster, T. C. (2000a). Does it

matter who sponsors ESL
classes? An examination of
pupil retention. Journal of the
Immigrant Experience, 3(2), 2-23.

 Tanaka,

Ilene. (March 13, 2010). Prisoners of

Culture. Newsweek, vol. 213.

Whats wrong? Use only initials in

reference entries. Give publication date
of magazines and newspapers in Year,
Month Day format. Title of story should
be
in
sentence-style
caps,
and
magazine title set in italics. Drop vol
and include page number.

Correct:

Tanaka, I. (2010, March

13). Prisoners
of
culture. Newsweek, 213,
44.

Berkshire, C. B., Flask, S. S., & Callendar, M. S.

(1999). Depressive Symptoms among Returning
Veterans: Life between Iraq and a Hard Place. New
York: John Wiley & Sons.

Whats wrong? Book titles are set in

sentence-style caps (Capitalize the
first word, the word
following internal punctuation, and any
proper nouns). All U.S. cities must
include the 2-letter state abbreviation

 Correct:

Berkshire, C. B., Flask, S. S., &

Callendar,
M. S. (1999).
Depressive symptoms
among
returning
veterans:
Life
between Iraq and a hard place.
New York, NY: John Wiley &
Sons.

Directions:
rearrange
the
information to show the
correct reference format
by writing the LETTERS
ONLY in correct order.

1.
(A)The Journal of New Zealand
History,
(B) (2011).
(C) 32,
(D) 112-125.
(E)Hannah, R.
(F) A tale of two capitals.
CLUE: JOURNAL

Art

2.
(A) Management(6th ed.).
(B) Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I.,
& Coulter, M.
(C) French Forest, Australia: Pearson
(D) (2012).

CLUE: BOOK

3.
(A) Common questions about fringe
benefit tax.
(B) Retrieved from http://www.ird.govt.ph

(C) Bureau of Internal Revenue.
(D) Fringe benefit tax (FBT):
(E) (2010).
CLUE: WEBSITE

Hannah,

R.(2011). A tale of two

capitals.The Journal of New
Zealand Art History,32, 112
125.

E-B-F-A-C-D

Robbins,

S., Bergman, R.,

Stagg, I., &
Coulter,M.(2012).Managemen
t(6 th ed.).
French Forest,
Australia:
Pearson.

B-D-A-C

Bureau

of Internal
Revenue.(2010). Fringe benefit
tax (FBT): Common
questions
about fringe benefit tax.
Retrieved from
http://www.ird.govt.ph

C-E-D-A-B

General Rule:
Numbers 10 and above
are expressed as
numerals.
Nine or below are
written as words

Basic exceptions to the rule:

1. Measurements are always numerals
2. Statistical functions are always numerals
3. Numbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores
and point scales, exact sums of money are
numerals.
However, approximations are represented by
words
4. If a sentence starts with a number, it is always a
word.
Use % symbol when preceded by a number.
Use percent when you begin with a written
number or when number is undetermined.

A citation is giving credit

whenever you use someones
ideas, figures, unique approach,
or specific reasoning. This is
done whether you paraphrase
anothers ideas or use direct
quotes.
The purpose of using citations is
twofold:
1.to give credit for the person
whose material you are using
and
2.to offer a way for readers of
your work to find out more
information about that source.

Plagiarism: act of using

someone elses ideas,
words, figures, unique
approach, or specific
reasoning without giving
appropriate credit.

Its a bad thing!

American Psychological
Association (2010). Publication
manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th
ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
APA Website: www.apastyle.org
Updated APA guideline notes on
ELCSE website under Student
Resources
(http://www.aug.edu/elcse/ELC
SE_APA_Guidelines.pdf)

1. Font Use a 12-point serif font for

all text, including what appears on
your cover page and reference list.
Some prefer Times New Roman.
Minimum 8 point type can be used
in tables and figures.

2. Spacing
Double
space
all
text,
including the reference list
and block quotes.

3. Margins, Page Numbers, and

Running Head
All

margins should be set to 1 on

each side of the paper. Page
numbers go in the upper right
corner. The running head goes in the
upper left corner and is in all capital
letters. The words Running head:
appear only on the cover page.

4. Boldface and Underlines

Do not use underlines. APA does
not allow boldface except in
tables and figures (in rare
instances where you would want
to highlight specific data) and
for Level 1, 2, 3, and 4 headings.

5. Punctuation
APA requires the use of the serial (or
Oxford) comma in lists of three or more
items (i.e., Groucho, Harpo, and
Zeppo).
Most prefixes are not hyphenated:
semistructured,
nondenominational,
multimedia,
antisocial,
posttest,
pretest, and so forth.
-

 6.

Capitalization

Do

not capitalize job titles unless

immediately preceding a person's
name:
the
superintendent,
but
Superintendent Williams; the vice
president of the school board, but
Vice President Agnew. Additionally,
do not capitalize the names of
theories, models, conditions, or
diseases

7. Lists (Seriation)
Seriation refers to how to list information.
Within a paragraph, list items that must appear
in a certain order using (a), (b), and (c).

If you do not need to imply a particular order,

then remove the letters and/or use bullet points.
Use vertical lists when expressing information
that must appear in a certain order (e.g., steps
in a procedure or itemized conclusions).

8. Numbers and Percentages

Numbers

10 and higher appear as

numerals; nine and lower are
written out. There are exceptions:
precise elements of time, age,
distance, ratios, and percentages
always appear as numerals unless
at the start of a sentence.

 9. Latin Abbreviations
Do not use Latin abbreviations

(like
e.g., i.e., and etc.) within the text
of the sentence; APA only allows
these types of abbreviations within
parentheses. In the text of the
sentence,
write
out
the
abbreviations English translation.

10. Use Respectful, Bias-Free Language

The

APA manual outlines importan

concerning avoiding bias with respect to
gender, race, disabilities, and so forth
When discussing different racial groups
make sure that your terms are parallel
When
possible,
avoid
the
generic
pronouns he and she, or he/she by using
they.

1. If

a number starts a sentence,

it always appears as a word.
2. Exact unit of time should be
written as figures.
3. 10 and above use figures and
below 10 use words.
4. Exact sums of money appear
as figures.

5. If the unit of time is approximate, use

word instead of the actual figure.
6. Numbers that suggest a specific place
in a series should be written as figures.
7. Numbers that are part of mathematical
expressions are written with figures. Also
percentage with figures are written with
% sign not percent.
8. Numbers that represent as scores are
written as figures.

for

10

numbers

any

number used with a

precise unit of measurement
examples
6 megabyte disk
7 feet
9 miles
5-gallon bucket
5-point scale

for
statistical
or
mathematical
functions,
proportions,
ratios,
percentages (use %)
examples
3 times as many dropouts, 9 of the 18
programs (proportion)
divided by 3 and multiplied by 9
deposits were matched at a ratio of 7:1
those in the upper 5th percentile
5% of students, between 20% and 30%
of the population, 0.5% improvement

 for

measures of time, ages,

dates, exact sums of money
Examples
9 seconds, 8 minutes, 4 hours, 3
days, 1 week, 3 months, 2 years,
9 to 18 year-old participants
between the 1st and 15th of each
month
12:30 p.m. on May 1, 2009

to

describe a sample
size, specific number of
participants
example
an average rating of 3
on a 10-point scale

 to

denote a specific place in

a numbered series, parts of
book, tables
Examples
see chapter 7 for more
discussion
turn to page 3
see Table 1

ALL

numbers in an
abstract of a paper

 one

thru nine when not used with units of

measurement or used in comparisons
with numbers 10 or greater

Examples
eight pages
three stages
six chapters
two-tailed t test
but five items using a 7-point Likert scale

common

fractions

examples
one half of the text
increased by three
fourths
a two-thirds majority

numbers

zero and one when

words aid comprehension OR
when not in context with
numbers 10
examples
zero-tolerance policy
only one response was valid;
but 1 of 15 responses was valid

common

expressions

Examples
twenty-first century
the Fourth of July)

any

number used to begin a

sentence

Examples
Fifty states reported
Four schools improved
whereas 14 schools had
increased dropout.

APAs

title case refers to a

capitalization style in
which
most
words
are
capitalized, and sentence
case
refers
to
a
capitalization style in which
most words are lowercased.

References (placed at the end of

the paper) are written in sentence
case.
Capitalize the first word of the title,
the first word after a colon (the
subtitle),
and
all
proper
nouns/proper
adjectives.
Everything else in the title is lower
case

Baguley, T. (2009). Standardized or

simple effect size: What should be
reported?
British
Journal
of
Psychology,
100,
603617.
doi:10.1348/000712608X377117

Becker, L. A. (2000). Effect size

calculators.
Retrieved
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http://www.uccs.edu/_
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 The

title your paper, i.e., the thing

that goes on page 1, is written in title
case
Capitalize all words (including the
second part of hyphenated words,
e.g., Self-Reported), except these
parts of speech:
A) articles
B) coordinating conjunctions
C) prepositions of three words or less..

 Articles

are these words: a, an,

the
a president,
the Pope,
An apple,
the Constitution.

 Coordinating

conjunctions
include these words: for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, so

 Prepositions

of three letters or
less include: as, at, by, but, for,
in, of, off, on, per, to, up, via

 It

Takes Two to Fight: A Test

of Relational Factors and a
Method for Assessing Dyads.

Short-Term

Musical
Intervention:
A
Tale
of
Ludwig von Beethoven.

1. In titles and
headings,
capitalize
all
words with four
or more letters.

2. After a colon,
capitalize the first
word beginning a
complete sentence

3. Capitalize Black
and White when
referring to race.

4.
Capitalize
proper nouns and
adjectives
used
as proper nouns.

5. After an extract,
use
lowercase
p. and pp. to
indicate
page
numbers.

6. Trial 5, Day 2,
Experiment 4 . . .
BUT chapter 4,
row
3,
and
column 5.