ANATOMI

FISIOLOGI
SISTEM
PENCERNAAN
MANUSIA

dr. Andika Eka Herlina

PENGERTIAN
Sistem

pencernaan adalah suatu sistem

organ yang bekerja menerima makanan
dari luar dan mempersiapkannya untuk
diserap oleh tubuh melalui rangkaian
proses tertentu baik secara mekanis
maupun enzimatik.

FUNGSI SISTEM PENCERNAAN

The

function of the digestive system

is to change these complex organic
nutrient molecules into simple
organic and inorganic molecules that
can then be absorbed into the blood
or lymph to be transported to cells
(Scanlon, 2007)

BAGIAN SISTEM
PENCERNAAN
2 divisions of the digestive system are :
The alimentary tube extends from the
mouth to the anus. It consists of the oral
cavity, pharynx (oropharynx), esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
The accessory organs of digestion are the
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.
Digestion does not take place within these
organs, but each contributes something to
the digestive process
(Scanlon, 2007)

JENIS PROSES PENCERNAAN

Mechanical digestion is the physical breaking up

of food into smaller pieces.
Example: Chewing

The work of the digestive enzymes is the chemical

digestion of broken-up food particles, in which
complex chemical molecules are changed into
much simpler chemicals that the body can utilize.
Such enzymes are specific with respect to the fat,
protein, or carbohydrate.
Example: protein-digesting enzymes work only on
proteins, not on carbohydrates or fats.
(Scanlon, 2007)

MOLEKUL ORGANIK DALAM

MAKANAN
3

types of complex organic molecules

found in food are :
Carbohydrates (amilum & disaccharides)
are digested to maltose & monosaccharides
such as glucose, fructose, and galactose
Proteins amino acids
Fats fatty acids and glycerol

Also

part of food, and released during

digestion, are vitamins, minerals, and
water
(Scanlon,2007)

SISTEM PENCERNAAN

Oral cavity (teeth, tongue and the openings of

the ducts of the salivary glands)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach / Gaster (Cells: mucous, chief,
parietal, G)
Small intestine (Cells: goblet, microvilli,
enteroendocrine; Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas)
Large intestine
Anus

ORAL CAVITY
Batas

Rongga Mulut :

Superior : palatum durum (hard palates)

& palatum mole (soft palates)
Lateral : mukosa pipi
Inferior : dasar mulut
Di

dalam rongga mulut terdapat :

Gigi geligi
Lidah
Muara kelenjar liur

ORAL CAVITY

Teeth
Fungsi : mengunyah (proses mekanik dimana
makanan diubah menjadi potongan-potongan
yang lebih kecil, sambil dicampur dengan air
liur)
Jenis gigi : sulung & permanen
Sulung 20 gigi (incisivus, caninus, molar)
Permanen 32 gigi (incisivus, caninus,
premolar, molar)

Tongue
Fungsi Lidah : membantu menggerakkan
makanan saat dikunyah / ditelan, pengecapan
(indera perasa), bicara

 Salivary

glands

Air liur / saliva = cairan pencernaan

dalam rongga mulut
Muara dari : kelenjar parotis,
submandibula, sublingual
Memicu sekresi saliva : makanan, benda
asing, bau makanan parasimpatis
Mengurangi sekresi : stress simpatis
Enzim Amylase : Amilum Maltose
Pharynx

reflex

Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx

Food passageways connecting oral
cavity - esophagus, no digestion

 Esophagus

Peristaltik, no digestion.
Lower esophageal sphincter
Relax bolus masuk ke lambung
Kontraksi mencegah cairan lambung
masuk ke esofagus

Stomach / Gaster

Mucous cell mucus

Parietal cell HCl & faktor
intrinsik
Chief cell Pepsinogen
G cell hormon Gastrin
HCl : Pepsinogen pepsin
Pepsin : Polypeptide

Pencernaan Enzimatik
molekul
organik
kompleks

Lokasi
pencernaan

Perubahan molekul yang terjadi

Karbohidrat

1. Mulut

1. Amilum maltosa (amylase

saliva)
2. Amilum maltosa (amylase
pancreas)
3. Maltosa glucosa + glucosa
(maltase)
Laktosa glucosa + galactosa
(lactase)
Sukrosa glucosa + fruktosa
(sucrase)
1. Protein polypeptide (pepsin)
2. Polypeptide peptide (trypsin)
3. Peptide asam amino (peptidase)

2. Duodenum
3. Jejunum Ileum

Protein

1. Lambung
2. Duodenum
3. Jejunum Ileum