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Chapter 2: electricity

2.1 Analyzing electricity and Charge


Flow
1.An electric field exists in the space surrounding a charge body
2.There are two kind of electric charge, namely the positive charge and
the negative charge.
3.Like charge repel each other.
4.Unlike charge attract each other.
5.A neutral body can be attracted by another body which has either
positive or negative charge.
6.The SI unit of electric charge is Coulomb (C).
Example
Charge of 1 electron = -1.6 x 10-19C
Charge of 1 proton = +1.6 x 10-19C

Example 1:
Example:
Find the charge of 2.5 x 1019electrons.
(Charge of 1 electron is -1.6 x 10 -19C)
Answer:
Number of electrons, n = 2.5 x 10 19
Charge of 1 electron, e = -1.6 x 10 -19C
Q=ne
Q=(2.51019)(1.61019)
Q=4C

Symbols of an electrical instruments

Electric field

1.An electric field is a region in which an electric


charged particle experiences an electric force.
2.Electric field is represented by a number of
lines with arrows, called electric lines of force
or electric field lines.
3.The direction of the field at a point is defined
by the direction of the electric force exerted on
a positive test charge placed at that point.

The strength of the electric field is indicated by how


close the field lines are to each other. The closer the
field lines, the stronger the electric field in that
region.

1.The lines of force are directed outwards for a positive charge


and inwards for a negative charge.
2.The electric line of force will never cross each other.

Effect of Electric Field on a Ping Pong


Ball Coated with Conducting Material

A Candle Flame in an
Electric Field

Current

1.An electric current I is a measure of the rate of flow of


electric charge Q through a given cross-section of a
conductor.
2.In other words, current is the measure of how fast the
charge flow through a cross section of a conductor.
. Equation
Current (I) =
SI unit = Ampere (A)

1.Conventionally, the direction of the electric


current is taken to be the flow of positive charge.
2.The electron flow is in the opposite direction to
that of the conventional current.
3.In a circuit, current flow from the positive
terminal to the negative terminal.
4.In a circuit, electrons flow from the negative
terminal to the positive terminal.

Example 2:
Example
2:

If 30 C of electric charge flows past a point in a


wire in 2 minutes, what is the current in the wire?
Answer:
Charge flow, Q = 30C
Time taken, t = 2 minutes = 120s

I=
I=
I = 0.25 A

Example 3

Current of 0.5A flowed through a bulb. How many electrons had flowed
through the bulb in 5 minute? (The charge of 1 electron is equal to -1.610 -19C)
Answer:
Current, I = 0.5A
Time taken, t = 5 minutes = 300s
I=
Q = It
Q = (0.5)(300) = 150 C
Charge of 1 electron, e = -1.610-19 C
Number of electrons, n = ?
Q = ne
n=
n = 9.375 x 1020

Potential and Potential


Difference
The potential difference (p.d.)
between two points is defined as the
work done in moving 1 Coulomb of
positive charge from 1 point in an
electric field to another point.
In mathematics
PotentialDifference=
or

During an occasion of lightning, 200C of


charge was transferred from the cloud to the
surface of the earth and 1.251010J of energy
was produced. Find the potential difference
between the cloud and the surface of the earth.
Answer:
Work done, W = 1.251010J
Charge transferred, Q = 200C
Potential difference, V = ?
V=

Arrangement of Ammeter
To use the ammeter in the measurement of an
electric current, the ammeter must be connected
in series to the circuit.

Arrangement of Voltmeter
To use the voltmeter in the measurement of
potential difference across an object, the
voltmeter must be connected in parallel to the
circuit.

Ohm's Law - Relationship Between


Current and Potential Difference
Ohms Law states that the current flowing
in the metallic conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference
applied across its ends, provided that the
physical conditions ( such as temperature )
are constant.

Resistance
1.The
resistance R of a material is defined as the
ratio V : I, where V is the potential difference
across the material and I is the current flowing
in it. Resistance(R)=
2.The SI unit of resistance is the ohm ()

Factors Affecting the Resistance


The resistance R of a given conductor depends
on:
1. its length l,
2. its cross-sectional area A
3. its temperature and
4. the type of material.

2.3 Series And Parallel


Circuit

1.The resistors connected in one non-branched


wire is said to be connected in series, whereas
resistors connected in a branched wire is said
to be connected in parallel.
2.In the diagram above, (a), (b) and (c) are series
circuit whereas (d), (e) (f) and (g) are parallel
circuit.

Resistance in series and parallel


circuit
In a series circuit, the effective resistance is
equal to the sum of the individual resistance, as
shown in the following equation.

R T = R1 + R2 + R3

Ina parallel circuit, the effective resistance of


the resistors can be calculated fro the following
equation.

-1

RT=

+ +

Example 3: find the total resistance


of the following circuits

Current in a Circuit
a) Series circuit

I A = IB = I C

Current in a Circuit
a) Parallel circuit

I = I1 + I2

Potential difference in a
Circuit
a) Series circuit

V = V1 + V2

Potential Difference in a
Circuit
a) Parallel circuit

V = V1 = V2

Comparison between series and


parallel circuit
Series

Parallel

Current

I = I 1 + I2
Potential
difference

resistance

V = V1 = V2

V = V1 + V2
RT = R1 + R2 + R3

V = V1 = V2

RT

+ +

How to draw a circuit.


Circuit set-up

Circuit diagram

How to draw a circuit.


Circuit set-up

Circuit diagram

2.4 Analysing Electromotive Force


(emf) And Internal Resistance(r)
Comparison between emf and
potential difference.

In open circuit, there is no current


flow. The potential difference, V
across the cell is equal to the emf.
Voltmeter reading is 1.5 V.
The emf is equal to the reading of
the voltmeter which is connected
directly across the terminal of the
cell in open circuit.
Emf = 1.5V

in a closed circuit, there is a current


flows. The potential difference, V
across the cell is smaller than the
emf of the cell.
This drop in the potential difference
across the cell is caused by the
internal resistance.
If the voltmeter reading is 1.2V, the
potential difference across the lamp
= 1.2V.
V<E

Internal resistance (r) is caused by


resistance due to chemical substances
in
the cell.
Potential
Potential
Potential
difference
across the
cell when no
current flows

difference
= across
external
resistance.

difference
+ across
internal
resistance.

E= V + Ir or E=IR + Ir

Define :
a) e.m.f is defined as the ENERGY
GIVEN by the source in driving A
COULOMB of charge through the
complete circuit.
b) Caused that : i. loss of heat energy
ii. Potential
difference across the terminals of the
cell to be less than emf.
c) Internal resistance, r = is the
resistance due to the resistance of the

Ans :a) 2.8


V
b)

Ans :3.0 V

2.5 Electrical Energy and Power


Electrical
energy
Joule
(J)
1 coulomb
(Q)
1 volt (1V)

Joule
(J)

V (It)
(IR) (It)
E

= I2Rt
E=

Electrical
power, P

Watt (W)
P

= I 2R
P=

First 100 units


Next 900 units
The following units

=
=

20 sen
25 sen
= 30 sen

The table above shows the electrical tariff that were


charged on a factory. If on august the metre readings
is 6020 unit, find the electrical usage of the house.

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