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Chapter 3

Movement of Substances
across the Plasma
Membrane
Learning outcomes
At the end of this lesson, student will able to:

 State the substances required by living cells.


 State the substances that have to be eliminated from cells.
 Explain the necessity for movement of substances across
the plasma membrane.
 Identify the structure of plasma membrane
 Describe the fluid-mosaic structure
Key Terms
 Active transport-pengangkutan aktif
 Crenation-
 Deplasmolysis-
 Facilitated diffussion-
 Flaccid-
 Haemolysis-
 Hydrolysis-
 Hydrophilic-
 Hydrophobic-
 Hypertonic-
 Hypotonic-
 Isotonic-
 Osmosis-
 Passive transport-
 Phospholipid-
 Plasma membrane-
 Plasmolysis-
 Semi-permeable-
 Simple diffusion-
 Turgid-
 Wilting-
3.1 Movement across the
Plasma Membrane

Necessities for the Movement of Substances


across the Plasma Membrane
Function of the Plasma Membrane
The structure of the plasma membrane
The permeability of the plasma membrane
Necessities for the Movement of
Substances across the Plasma
Membrane
 To transport nutrients into the cell.
 For gases exchange
 To excrete metabolic waste.
 To maintain the pH value and ionic
concentration of the cell.
 Secrete useful substances, for example,
digestive enzymes and hormones.
 To maintain a constant internal
environment (homeostasis).
Function of the Plasma
Membrane
 Protects the cell.
 Separates the intracellular
components from the extracellular
environment.
 Controls what enters and exits the
cell
The structure of the plasma
membrane
 Plasma membrane composed mainly of
phospholipids and proteins.
 In 1972, S. Singer and G. Nicolson
introduced the fluid-mosaic model of the
membrane structure.
 Comprised of the phospholipid bilayer
and various types of protein molecules.
 Mosaic-has various protein molecules
embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
 Dyanamic & fluid- phospholipid molecules
can move-giving the membrane its fluidity
& flexibility.
 Polar head~ hydrophilic (attract to water)
 Non-polar tail~ hydrophobic (repelled by
water)
 Cholesterol~ stabilise &
strengthen,flexible, less permeable to water-
soluble substances i.e. ions.
 Pore protein~ a protein molecule that has
a pore to provide a passage for a particular
solute to pass through.
 Carrier protein~ a protein molecule that
has a shape that fits the shape of a specific
molecule so that it can only carry specific
molecules across the membrane.
‘fluid-mosaic’ model

 Refers to the dynamic and fluid


structure of protein molecules
that float and move freely in the
phospholipid bilayer.
Permeability of the
Phospholipids Bilayer

 The permeability of the phospholipids


bilayer is determined by:
 the size &

 the polarity

 of the substances pass through it.

 Selectively permeable or semi-permeable

 Why do you think the plasma membrane


semi-permeable?
Activity 1
Label the structure of plasma
membrane
Substances In and Out
through the Membrane
Activity 2
Crossword
Plant cell and animal cell
lab report
 Aim
 Material
 Apparatus
 Technique used
 Procedure
 Observation
 Discussion
 Conclusion
Procedure
 Put a drop of iodine on one side of
the cover slip.

 A drop of iodine was putted on one


side of the cover slip.
Example:
 Aim: To study the structure of plant cell

 Materials: onion, iodine solution, distilled water and


filter paper
 Apparatus: slides, cover slips, scalpel, forceps,
dropper, mounted pin and light microscope
 Technique used: observation under light microscope
Procedure
1. A scale leaf is obtained from an onion bulb.
2. A pair of forceps was used to strip the transparent
epidermis layer from the inner surface of the onion
scale leaf.
3. A drop of water was putted on the middle of the slide
and the epidermis is place on the drop of water.
4. The specimen was covered by using mounting needle
with a cover slip at a 45 degree angle.
5. A drop of iodine solution was added onto
one side of the cover slip
6. Filter paper was placed at the opposite
end of the cover slip to allow the iodine
solution to spread through epidermis.
7. A piece of filter paper are used to
absorb the excess iodine solution.
8. The slide was observed through
microscope.
9. The observation was drawed and
labelled through a microscope.
Observations
Discussion:
Conclusion
 A cell from a green plant have
regular shape, cell wall, chloroplast,
large vacuole and starch grains.

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