BEE 3133

ELECTRICAL POWER
SYSTEMS

Chapter 4
Line Model and Performance

Rahmatul Hidayah Salimin

1
Introduction
 Analyze the performance of single-phase
and balanced three-phase transmission
lines under normal steady-state operating
conditions.
 Expression of voltage and current at any
point along the line are developed, where
the nature of the series impedance and
shunt admittance is taken into account.
 The performance of transmission line is
measured based on the voltage regulation
and line loadability.
2
Transmission Line
Representation
Is IR
+ +

Vs ABCD VR

- -

 A line is treated as two-port network

which the ABCD parameters and an
equivalent π circuit are derived.

3
Transmission Line
Representation
 To facilitate the performance calculations
relating to a transmission line, the line is
approximated as a series–parallel
interconnection of the relevant
parameters.
 Consider a transmission line to have:
 A sending end and a receiving end;
 A series resistance and inductance; and
 A shunt capacitance and conductance

4
Transmission Line
Representation
 The relation between sending–end and
receiving–end quantities of the two–port
network can be written as:

VS = AVR + BI R
I S = CVR + DI R
VS   A B  VR 
 I  = C D   I 
 S   R 
5
Transmission Line
Representation
 Short Line Model
 < 80 km in length
 Shunt effects are neglected.
 Medium Line Model
 Range from 80–240 km in length
 Shunt capacitances are lumped at a few
predetermined points along the line.
 Long Line Model
 >240 km in length.
 Uniformly distributed parameters.
 Shunt branch consists of both capacitance and
conductance. 6
Short Line Model
Z

IS R XL IR

VS VR

7
Short Line Model

Z = z  = ( r + j ωL ) 
= R + jX L
where :
r = per - phase resistance
L = per - phase inductance
 = line length 8
Short Line Model
 Thus, the ABCD parameters are easily
obtained from KVL and KCL equations as
below:
VS = VR + ZI R
IS = IR
VS  1 Z  VR 
 I  = 0 1   I 
 S   R 
A = D = 1 pu ; B = Z Ω ; C = 0 S 9
 Remember!

Complex Power Vline = 3 V phase

 Sending end power

S S ( 3φ ) = 3VS ( phase ) I S* ( phase )
or
S S ( 3φ ) = 3VS ( line ) I S* ( line )
 Receiving end power
S R ( 3φ ) = 3VR ( phase ) I R* ( phase )
or
S R ( 3φ ) = 3VR ( line ) I *
R ( line ) 10
Transmission Line Efficiency
 Total Full–Load Line Losses

S L ( 3φ ) = S S ( 3φ ) − S R ( 3φ )

 Transmission Line Efficiency

PR ( 3φ ) PR ( 3φ )
η= %η = ×100
PS ( 3φ ) PS ( 3φ )

 Note that only Real Power are taken into account!

11
Voltage Regulation
 ABCD parameters can be used to describe
the variation of line voltage with line
loading.
 Voltage regulation is the change in voltage
at the receiving end of the line when the
load varies from no–load to a specified
full–load at a specified power factor, while
the sending end is held constant.

12
Voltage Regulation

VR ( NL ) − VR ( FL )
% VR = ×100
VR ( FL )

VS
VR ( NL ) = VR ( FL ) = VR
A

No–load Full–load
receiving–end voltage receiving–end voltage
13
VS = AVRNL + BI R
No Load Condition : I R = 0
Thus;
Vs
VRNL =
A
Short Line VRNL = VS
VS
Medium Line VRNL =
 ZY 
1 + 
 2 
Long Line ??
14
Voltage Regulation
 The effect of load power factor on voltage
regulation is illustrated in phasor diagram.
 The phasor diagrams are graphical
representation of lagging, unity and
leading power factor.

15
Voltage Regulation
 The higher (worse) voltage regulation
occurs for the lagging pf load where VR(NL)
exceeds VR(FL) by the larger amount.
 A smaller or even negative voltage
regulation occurs in leading pf load.

16
Voltage Regulation
 In practice, transmission line voltages
decrease when heavily loaded and increase
when lightly loaded.
 EHV lines are maintained within ±5% of
rated voltage, corresponding to about 10%
voltage regulation.
 10% voltage regulation for lower voltage
lines also considered good operating
practice.

17
Line Loadability
 Another important issue that affect
transmission line performance.
 3 major line loading limits are:
 Thermal limit
 Short transmission lines [<80 km length]
 Voltage drop limit
 Longer line length [ 80–300 km length]
 Steady-state stability limit
 Line length over 300 km

18
Example 1 :Short TL
 A 220-kV, 50 Hz, three-phase transmission line
is 40 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15
Ω/km and the inductance per phase is 1.5915
mH/km. The shunt capacitance is negligible. Use
the line model to find the voltage and power at
the sending end and the voltage regulation and
efficiency when the line is supplying a three-
phase load of
a) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging at 220 kV
b) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf leading at 220 kV

19
Example 2 :Short TL
 A 220-kV, 50 Hz, three-phase transmission line
is 40 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15
Ω/km and the inductance per phase is 1.5915
mH/km. The shunt capacitance is negligible. Use
the line model to find the voltage and power at
the sending end and the voltage regulation and
efficiency when the line is supplying a three-
phase load of
a) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging at 220 kV
b) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf leading at 220 kV

20
Solution (a)
 Given
R = 0.15 Ω/km , L = 1.5915 mH/km
S =381 MVA with pf 0.8 lag
VR(line) =220 kV

Is Z=R+jωL Ω IR

+ +
R jX L

Vs VR

_ _

21
 Find sending end voltage, VS = VR + ZI R
Therefore, find VR , Z, and I R

VR ( Line )
VR ( phase ) =
3
220∠0o kV
=
3
= 127∠0o kV

The series impedance per phase;

Z 40km = ( r + j ωL ) l
= ( 0.15 + j ( 2π )( 50)(1.5915m ) ) 40
= 6 + j 20Ω
22
 S = 381 MVA, θ = cos -1
0.8 = 36 .87 o
Thus ,
S R = 381 ∠36 .87 o MVA = 304 .8MW + j 228 .6 M var
SR = 3V R(Phase) I*R
SR
I =
*
R
3V R(Phase)
S*R 381 ∠−36 .87 o MVA
IR = =
*
3V R(Phase) 3(127 ∠0 o kV )
=1000 ∠−36 .87 o A

23
Therefore,
VS(Phase) = VR ( Phase ) + ZI R
(
= 127∠0o kV + ( 6 + j 20Ω ) 1000∠ − 36.87 o A )
= 144.3∠4.93o kV
VS ( Line ) = 3 VS ( Phase )
= 3 144.3
= 250V

24
Find Sending - end Power, SS = 3VS I S

I S = I R =1000 ∠−36 .87 o A

SS = 3VS(Phase) I*S
( )(
= 3 144.33 ∠4.93 o V 1000 ∠36 .87 o A )
= 322 .8MW + j 288 .6 M var
= 433 ∠41 .8o MVA

25
Voltage Regulation,
VRNL − VRFL
%VR = ×100
VRFL
250 −220
= ×100
220
=13 .6%
Effiency,η
PR
%η = ×100
PS
304 .8
= ×100
322 .8
= 94 .4% 26
Medium Line Model – Nominal
π Circuit

IS R XL IR

VS
Y/2 Y/2 VR

27
Medium Line Model
 Shunt capacitor is considered.
 ½ of shunt capacitor considered to be
lumped at each end of the line – π circuit
 Total shunt admittance, Y

Y = ( g + jωC ) 
where :
C = line to neutral capacitance per km
g = line conductance per km
 = line length 28
Medium Line Model
 Under normal condition,
 shunt conductance per unit length (the
leakage current) over the insulators and
due to corona is negligible
 Thus, g = 0

29
Medium Line Model
 To obtain ABCD parameters, the current in
the series branch is denoted as IL.
 Using KCL and KVL, the sending–end
voltage is: VS = VR + ZI L ..[1]
Y
I L = I R + VR ..[ 2]
2
From [1] and [ 2]
 Y 
VS = VR + Z  I R + VR 
 2 
 ZY 
= 1 + VR + ZI R ..[ 3]
 2  30
Medium Line Model

31
Medium Line Model

32
Medium Line Model
 Using KCL to obtain equation for sending–
end current:
Y
I S = I L + VS ..[ 4]
2
Substitute [ 2] and [ 3] into [ 4]
VRY  YZ  Y
IS = IR + + 1 + VR + ZI R 
2  2  2
 YZ   YZ 
= Y 1 + VR + 1 + I R ..[ 5]
 4   2 
33
Medium Line Model
 Thus, the ABCD parameters can be
obtained from equation [3] and [5];

  ZY  
  1+  Z  VR 
VS   2 
I  =   
 S  Y 1 + ZY  1 + ZY
  I R 

  4   
2
 ZY   ZY 
A = D = 1 +  pu ; B = Z Ω ; C = Y 1 + S
 2   4 
34
Medium Line Model
 ABCD constant are complex since π model
is a symmetrical two-port network
A=D
 The determinant of the transmission
matrix is unity(1)
AD – BC = 1 (Prove this!)

35
Medium Line Model
 The receiving and quantities can be
expressed in terms of the sending end
quantities

VR   D − B  VS 
 I  = − C   
A  I S 
 R 

 If, ignore the shunt capacitance of the TL,

the shunt admittance, Y=0, it become the
short transmission line constant. 36
Example 2 : Medium TL
 A 345-kV, 60 Hz, three-phase transmission line
is 130 km long. The resistance per phase is
0.036 Ω/km and the inductance per phase is 0.8
mH/km. The shunt capacitance is 0.0112
μF/km. Use the medium line model to find the
voltage and power at the sending end and the
voltage regulation and efficiency when the line is
supplying a three-phase load of
a) 325 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging at 325 kV
b) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf leading at 325 kV

37
Medium Line Model – Nominal
T Circuit

Z/2 Z/2
IS IR

VS
Y VR

Find the ABCD Parameters for

this circuit using KVL and KCL 38
Long Line Model

Z’
IS IR

VS
Y’/2 Y’/2 VR

39
Long Line Model
 The shunt capacitance and series
impedance must be treated as distributed
quantities
 The ‘V’ and ‘I’ on the line must be found
by solving the differential equation of the
transmission line.

40
Long Line Model
z = R + j ωL y = g + j ωC γ = propagation
constant
z
γ = zy Zc = Zc = characteristic
y impedance

sinh γ
Z'= Z = Z c sinh γ
γ
Y ' Y tanh γ 2 1 γ
= = tanh
2 2 γ 2 Zc 2
41
Long Line Model
 If γl <<0  sinh (γl )/( γl ) & tanh (γl /2)/ (γl /2) ≈ 1.0
 The ABCD parameters:
VS   A B  VR 
 I  = C D   I 
 S   R 
Z 'Y '
A= +1 B = Z'
2
 Z 'Y '  Z 'Y '
C = Y ' + 1 D= +1
 4  2 42
ABCD Parameters
ABCD A B
Parameters
C D

Short 1 Z
Line 0 1
Medium
π
Medium
T
Long
Line 43
Surge Impedance Loading
 When the line is loaded by being terminated with
an impedance equal to its characteristic
impedance, the receiving end current is

VR L
I R = ; Z C Z=c is purely
 For a lossless line,
= Surge impedance
ZC C resistive. The
load corresponding to the surge impedance at
rated voltage is known as the surge impedance
loading (SIL).

44
Surge Impedance Loading
2
∗ 3 VR
SIL = 3VR I R =
ZC
 Since VR = VLrated /√3, SIL in MVA becomes

SIL =
( kVLrated )
2
MW
ZC
45
Surge Impedance Loading
 SIL is useful measure of transmission line
capacity as it indicates a loading where the line’s
reactive requirement are small.

 For loads significantly above SIL, shunt capacitor

may be needed to minimize voltage drop along
the line.

 While for light loads significantly below SIL, shunt

inductors may be needed.

46
Power Transmission
Capability
 Power handling ability of a line is limited
by:
 Thermal loading limit
 Stability limit

 Thermal loading limit:

Sthermal = 3Vrated I thermal

47