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Introduction:
Energy losses in pipe flows are the result of friction
between the fluid and the pipe walls and internal
friction between fluid particles. Minor (secondary)
head losses occur at any location in a pipe system where
streamlines are not straight, such as at pipe junctions,
bends, valves, contractions, expansions, and reservoir
inlets and outlets. In this experiment, minor head losses
through a pipe section that has several bends,
transitions, and fittings will be measured.
Purpose:
To determine the loss factors for flow through a
range of pipe fittings including bends, a contraction, an
enlargement and a gate-valve.
Apparatus:
Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings Apparatus.
It consists of:
- Sudden Enlargement
- Sudden Contraction
- Long Bend
- Short Bend
- Elbow Bend
figure 1:minor losses apparatus
- Mitre Bend
Theory:
The energy balance between two points in a pipe
can be described by the Bernoulli equation, given
p
V
p
V
by
z
z
h
2
1
2g
2
2
2g
where hi is the minor head loss (in meters) for the ith
component and n is the number of components (fittings,
bends, etc.).
Pipe friction losses are expressed as the Darcy-Weisbach
LV
equation given by
h f
2
D 2g
2g
v1 / 2 g v 2 / 2 g
Procedure:
It is not possible to make measurements on all fittings
simultaneously and, therefore, it is necessary to run two
separate tests.
o Part A:
1) Set up the losses apparatus on the hydraulic bench so that
its base is horizontal by adjusting the feet on the base plate
if necessary. (this is necessary for accurate height
measurements from the manometers). Connect the test rig
inlet to the bench flow supply and run the outlet extension
tube to the volumetric tank and secure it in place.
Procedure:
o Part B:
10) Clamp off the connecting tubes to the mitre bend pressure
tappings (to prevent air being drawn into the system).
11) Start with the gate valve closed and open fully both the
bench valve and the lest rig flow control valve.
12) open the gate valve by approximately 50% of one turn
(after taking up any backlash).
Tables.doc
Minor Losses (excel)