HOW TO WRITE

PROPOSALS
PRESENTED BY:
BS COMPUTER ENGINEERING 2-1
GROUP 2

WHAT IS A
PROPOSAL?

 Is a document that provides a

detailed description of the
intended program. It is like an
outline of the entire research
process that gives a reader a
summary of the information
discussed in a project.

 A proposal is a request for

support of sponsored research,
training or other creative activity
submitted in accordance with the
funding sponsor's instructions.
It is the over-all plan for your
project

Purpose of Proposal

 The problem is significant and worthy of

study
The technical approach is novel and
likely to yield results
The investigator and his/her research
team is/are the right group of
individuals to carry out and accomplish
the work described in the research
proposal.

Types of Proposals

New Proposal

A proposal submitted to a
sponsor for the first time, or
a proposal being
resubmitted after having
been declined by a potential
sponsor.

Revised Proposal

This modifies a proposal that is

pending or is otherwise
unfunded, but not official
declined by the sponsor. If a
proposal has been declined, a
new proposal must be prepared

Supplemental Proposal

A supplemental asks for an increase in

support for a proposal that has already
been funded. The requested increase
would occur in the current budget period
and may involve a broadening of the
project's approved scope. Since
additional funding is requested, a new
budget is required.

Continuation Proposal
A continuation applies to a multi-year award.
The continuation proposal requests the
already approved funds for the next phase
(or next year) of the project. Typically,
sponsors require a progress report and
budget before releasing additional funds.
These proposals only apply to project and
budget years that were approved by the
sponsor in the original award

Pre-proposal/Notice of Intent

The purpose of the pre-proposal

is to peak the interest of a
potential sponsor. It typically
does not include a cost estimate
and is not expected to result in
an award

PARTS OF A
PROPOSAL

I. Problem to be Investigated

A. Purpose of the Study

B. Justification of the Study
C. Research Question, Hypothesis, and Propositions
D. Definition of Terms
E. Brief Overview of the Study
II. Background and Review of Related Literature
A. Theoretical Framework
B. Studies Directly Related
C. Studies Tangentially Related

III. Procedures
A. Description of the Research Design
B. Description of the Sample
C. Description of Instruments Used
D. Explanation of the Procedures Followed
E. Discussion of Internal Validity
F. Discussion of External Validity
G. Description and Justification of the Data Analysis Methods
IV. Bibliography

I. Problem to
be Investigated

JUSTIFICATION of the STUDY

It is made up of general problem
followed by specific questions or
sub problems by which the
general problem is broken up.
It is stated in interrogative form

 The research justification should be

provided in an accessible and direct
manner in the introductory section of
the research proposal. The number of
words required to complete this first
conceptual step will vary widely
depending on the project. It might be
accomplished in a few words, or it may
take several paragraphs orlonger to
explain.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

It contains brief statement of the general

purpose of the study.
It is presented in two ways
Deductive- from general to particular
Inductive- from particular to general

Guidelines in explaining the purpose of the

study

1.Rationale, timeliness or relevance

2.Possible solutions to existing problems
or improvement to unsatisfactory
condition
3.Possible contribution to the fund of
knowledge
4.Possible implications

HYPOTHESIS

Tentative answer

It is an educated guess. It is an idea of what

you think might happen in response to an
input.
A hypothesis is a subject to verification on
testing that can be ACCEPTED or REJECTED
There can be several hypothesis for a single
situation or observation

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
ALTERNATIVE- hypothesis stated in
affirmative/ positive form
NULL- stated in negative form
-most advisable to use
CAUSE & EFFECT- if there is a cause
there is a corresponding effect
(Implication)

PROPOSITIONS
A proposition is a
declarative statement of
facts thats either TRUE or
FALSE (but not both).

TYPES
OF
PROPOSITION
Negation
Conjunction
Disjunction
Implication

Contrapositives
Converses
Inverses
Tautology
Contradiction

NEGATION
Suppose p is a proposition.
The negation of p is written p and has meaning:
It is not the case that p.
Ex. CS173 is NOT Bryans favorite class.
TRUTH TABLE:

CONJUNCTION
Conjunction corresponds to English and.
p q is true exactly when p and q are both true.
Ex. Amy is curious AND clever.
TRUTH TABLE

DISJUNCTION
Disjunction corresponds to English or.
p q is when p or q (or both) are true.
Ex. Michael is brave OR nuts.
TRUTH TABLE

IMPLICATION
Implication: p q corresponds to English if p then q, or p
implies q.
If it is raining then it is cloudy.
TRUTH TABLE

CONTRAPOSITIVES

: p q and q p
Ex. If it is noon, then I am
hungry.
If I am not hungry, then it is
not noon.

CONVERSES

p q and q p
Ex. If it is noon, then I am
hungry.
If I am hungry, then it is
noon.

INVERSES

p q and p q
Ex. If it is noon, then I am
hungry.
If it is not noon, then I am not
hungry.

TAUTOLOGY

Propositions that are

always TRUE

CONTRADICTION

Propositions that are

always FALSE

DEFINITION OF TERMS
CONCEPTUAL- based on concepts or
hypothetic ones which are usually taken
from references such as dictionary and
encyclopedia.
OPERATIONAL- based on observable
characteristics and how it is used in the
study.

Guidelines in Defining Terms

1.Only terms, words or phrases with special or
unique meanings in the study are define.
2.Terms should be define operationally.
3.Definitions should be brief, clear, unequivocal as
possible
4.Acronyms should always be spelled out fully
especially if it is not commonly known or if it is
used for the first time

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of the introduction is to
provide the necessary background or context
for your research problem. The introduction
typically begins with a general statement of
the problem area, with a focus on a specific
research problem, to be followed by the
rational or justification for the proposed
study.

II. Background
and Review of
Related
Literature

FRAMEWORK

It provides clear explanations

regarding relationships of variables,
provides legal basis for defining
parameter
It is the outline of theories / principles
supporting the study

Theoretical Framework

It shapes the justification of research

problem/ research objectives in order to
provide the legal basis for defining its
parameters
It is a symbolic construction which uses
abstract, concepts, facts or laws, variables
and their relations that explain and predict
how an observed phenomenon exists and
operates

RELATED LITERATURE

It is composed of discussions of facts and

principles to which the present study is
related
Classified as
LOCAL- if printed in the Philippines
FOREIGN- if printed in other
countries

RELATED STUDIES

These are the studies, inquiries or investigations

already conducted to which the present
proposed study is related or has some similarity
Classified as
LOCAL- if the inquiry was conducted here in the
Philippines
FOREIGN- if the inquiry was conducted in the
foreign land/ other countries

Importance, Purposes and Functions

1.They help or guide the researcher in searching

or selecting a better research topic.
2.They help the researcher understand his/her
topic for research better.
3.They ensure that there will be no duplication of
other studies.
4.They help and guide the researcher in locating
more sources of related information.

Characteristics of Related Studies

1.The surveyed materials must be recent as
possible.
2.Materials reviewed must be objective and
unbiased.
3.Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study.
4.Surveyed materials must have been based upon
genuinely original and true facts to take them
valid and reliable.
5.Reviewed materials must not be too few or too

III. Research
Methodology

DESCRIPTION of the RESEARCH DESIGN

Adetailedoutlineof how an
investigation will take place. A research
design will typically include howdatais
to be collected, whatinstrumentswill
beemployed, how the instruments will
be used and the intendedmeansfor
analyzing data collected.

DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Descriptive Survey
Descriptive Normative Survey
Descriptive Status
Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive Comparative
Descriptive Correlational Survey
Descriptive Evaluative
Latin Square Design
Correlational Design
Pre-Test & Post-Test Design

DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE

It is the subset or part of the

population which is
representative of the
population for the research to
be conducted

 POPULATION- It is the aggregate or

total of objects, persons, families,
species or orders of plants or
animals
SAMPLING- a technique of getting a
representative portion of population

Types of Sampling
SCIENTIFIC- all the members of the
population have an equal chance of
being chosen as sample
NON- SCIENTIFIC- not all members of the
population have an equal chance of
being chosen as a sample

SCIENTIFIC (Probability Sampling)

Unrestricted Sampling
Restricted Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Multistage Sampling
Cluster Sampling

NON-SCIENTIFIC (Non-Probability Sampling)

Purposive Sampling
Incidental Sampling
Quota Sampling

RESEARCH TOOLS & INSTRUMENTS

Clerical Tools
Mechanical Devices

CLERICAL TOOLS
These are used when the
researchers studies people and
gathers data on the feelings,
emotions, attitudes and
judgements of the subject.

EXAMPLES:

Empirical Observation
Interview
Registration
Testing
Experimenting
Questionnaire
Library

MECHANICAL DEVICES
Includes almost all tools used
in the Physical Science.
Included also are laboratory
tools

EXAMPLES

Tape Recorders
Camera Film
Video Tape
Laboratory Apparatus

DISCUSSION OF INTERNAL & EXTERNAL VALIDITY

VALIDITY- the degree to which

a test or measuring
instrument measures what it
intends to measure

Types of Validity

Content Validity
Concurrent Validity
Predictive Validity
Construct Validity

Content Validity

The extent to which the

topic or content of the
test is truly
representative of the
content of the course.

Concurrent Validity

The degree to which the test

agrees or correlates with a
criterion set up as an acceptable
measure. The criterion is always
available of the time of testing.

Predictive Validity

It is determined by
showing how well
predictions made from the
test are confirmed by
evidence gathered at some
subsequent time.

Construct Validity

The extent to which the

test measures a theoretical
construct or trait.

IV. Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY
A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used
(whether referenced or not) in the process of researching
your work. In general, a bibliography should include:
the authors' names
the titles of the works
the names and locations of the companies that
published your copies of the sources
the dates your copies were published
the page numbers of your sources (if they are part of
multi-source volumes)

Collect this information for each printed source:

Collect this information for each Web Site:

author name
title of the publication (and the title
of the article if it's a magazine or
encyclopedia)
date of publication
the place of publication of a book
the publishing company of a book
the volume number of a magazine
or printed encyclopedia
the page number(s)

author and editor names (if

available)
title of the page (if available)
the company or organization
who posted the webpage
the Web address for the page
(called a URL)
the last date you looked at
the page

SOURCES/ REFERENCES

Books, encyclopedias, almanacs & other similar

references
Articles published in professional journals and
magazines, periodicals, newspaper and other
publications.
Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches,
letters, and diaries.
Unpublished theses and dissertations.
Constitutions and laws

 Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from

the government offices and departments
especially from the Office of the President
Records of schools, public and private,
especially reports of their activities
Reports from seminars, workshops, educational
trips.
Official report of all kinds, educational, social,
economic, scientific, technological, political, etc.
from the government ad other entities.

Where to Locate Sources/ References

Libraries either government, school

or private libraries
National Library
Internet

PREPARED BY:

DE CASTRO, Elijah
DE GUZMAN, Aiver Keith
DIZON, Romar
ENGLATERA, Kart
FAINA, Kim Leslie
FIESTA, Eisen Danielle
FILLON, Angelika
GARCIA, Patrick Nash
GELLADO, Aaron James