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MOLECULAR
GEOMETRY
Types of bonding
Ionic bond: transfer of electron(s)
Covalent bond: sharing of electron(s)
Types of compounds
Ionic compounds: metals + nonmetals
Covalent compounds: between metals
Naming of compounds
Ions: cations, anions, oxoanions
Ionic compounds
Covalent compounds: 4 rules
m (or ml):
determines the orientation of the orbital;
m= -l,,0,,+l;
therefore: 1s orbital, 3p orbital, 5d orbital
ms: describes the spin of the electron,
Multi-electron configuration:
Pauli Exclusion Principle:
no 2 electrons in an atom may be in the same
quantum state (n,l,ml,ms)
Aufbau Principle:
electrons adopt the lowest possible energy
Shielding:
orbitals of equal n nearest the nucleus have
lowest energy
Hunds Rule:
in orbitals, electrons prefer to be unpaired first
THIS WEEK
CONCEPTS
Valence electron
Lewis dot formula
Electronegativity
Polar, non polar bond
Polarity
Dipole, dipole moment
THIS WEEK
CONCEPTS
How to draw a LEWIS
structure
Octet rule
VSEPR (Valence-Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion)
theory
Determine the molecular
shape by VSEPR
THIS WEEK
CONCEPTS
Valence electron
Lewis dot formula
Electronegativity
Polar, non polar bond
Polarity
Dipole, dipole moment
IONIC COMPOUNDS
NiCl2.6H2O
CuSO4.5H2O
K2Cr2O7
CoCl2.6H2O
NaCl
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
H2 O
(water)
CO2
(carbon
dioxide)
CH4
(methane)
C2H5OH
(ethyl
alcohol)
CHEMICAL BONDS
the forces that hold the atoms of elements
together in compounds
CHEMICAL BONDS
the forces that hold the atoms of elements
together in compounds
Highlight:
Ionic bond: metals and nonmetals
Covalent bond: nonmetals and nonmetals
Metallic bond: metal with metal
3 types of bondings
Electron configuration:
Valence electrons: the outer most electrons
of atoms
11
Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 valence electrons: 1
O: 1s2 2s2 2p4
valence electrons: 6
Electron configuration:
Valence electrons: the outer most electrons
of atoms
11
Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 valence electrons: 1
O: 1s2 2s2 2p4
valence electrons: 6
11
O: 1s 2s 2p
Na
valence electrons: 6 O
Na
Ca
Al
IONIC BONDING
Ionic bonding: forms between
atoms with LARGE differences in
their tendencies to lose or gain
electrons.
These differences results in
transfer of electron from one
atom to another in large numbers
to form a compound.
IONIC BONDING
Normally, ionic bonding forms between
reactive metals and nonmetals
Reactive metals:
Group 1A
&
Group 2A
low ionisation
energy easily
loses e-
Nometals
Group 7A
&
the top of group 6A
very negative
affinity easily
attract e-
Coulombs Law:
Proportional to
q: Charge(s) of the ion(s)
COVALENT BONDING
Covanlent bonding: forms
between atoms with small
differences in their
tendencies to lose or gain
electrons.
COVALENT BONDING
Normally, covalent bonding forms between
nonmetals.
Each nonmetal has
HIGH ionisation energy: hold onto its own
electrons tightly
HIGHLY negative electron affinity:
attract electrons from others
The attraction of each nucleus & valence
electron: draw atoms close to each other
METALLIC BONDING
Metals: can easily loose
electron at outer shell
Electron pool
Electrostatic attraction
3 types of bonding
Ionic bonding
Covalent bonding
Metallic bonding
MODELS OF BONDING
Model of ionic bonding
Model of covalent bonding
3 types of bonding
Ionic bonding
Covalent bonding
Metallic bonding
MODELS OF BONDING
Model of ionic bonding
Model of covalent bonding
COVALENT BONDING
Why does covalent bonding form?
Key concepts
Covalent bonding
Shared and unshared pair
Bond energy and bond length
Bond polarity
Dipole moment
COVALENT BONDING of H2
COVALENT BONDING
repulsions increase
the systems
energy and force
the atoms apart to
point 3 again.
each nucleus
attracts
the other
atoms electron.
The combination of nucleus-electron
attractions and electron-electron and
nucleus repulsions gives the minimum energy
of the system.
COVALENT BONDING
Distribution of electron density
COVALENT BONDING
Covalent bonding : results from sharing one or
more pair electrons between atoms
Valence electron(s): participate in covalent bonding
Unshared
SHARE
D
Unshare
d
Unshared
SHARED
Unshared
H + H
H + F
H H
or H-H
HF
or H-F
Covalent bonding : results from sharing one or
more pair electrons between atoms
BOND TYPES
Single covalent bond: two atoms share one electron
pair. SINGLE BOND
COVALENT BONDING
Key concepts
Covalent bonding
Shared and unshared pair
Bond energy and bond length
Electronegativity
Bond polarity
Dipole moment
BONDING
The ionic and covalent bonding models portray
compounds as being formed by either complete
electron transfer or complete electron
sharing.
Questions: are all ionic bonds are 0% covalent?
YES
Questions: are all covalent bonds are 0% ionic?
Lets learn about electronegativity?
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
One of the most important concepts in
chemical bonding is electronegativity (EN).
(EN), the relative ability of a bonded atom to
attract the shared electrons.
Electronegativity different from electron affinity
(EA),
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
There are also trends in electronegativity in the
periodic table
Electronegativity is inversely related to atomic size.
Atomic size decreases
nucleus of a bonded atom attract more SHARED
electrons
electronegativity increases
For the main-group elements,
electronegativity generally increases up a group
and across a period.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
H-H or H : H
Both H atoms have the
samePOLAR
electronegativity
COVALENT
electrons
BOND: spend equal
amount
time near
each
Theofelectron
pair
is
H nucleaus
shared unequally
the electron density is
SYMETRICAL
The electron pair is
NONPOLAR
shared equally
COVALENT BOND: this covalent bond is
NONPOLAR
H-F or H : F
Partial
negative
charge
Compare POLARITY?
Which on is more polar?
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
DIPOLE MOMENT
Different distribution of electron density
DIPOLE MOMENT
FIELD
OFF
FIELD ON
So WE understood:
Covalent bonding : polar and nonpolar bond
Electronegativity: is the attraction of
electron more toward a bonded atom
Difference in EN causes a bond polar
Polarity can be expressed in number by a
value called DIPOLE MOMENT
COVALENT BONDING
SUMMARY
Key concepts
Covalent bonding
Shared and unshared pair
Bond energy and bond length
Bond polarity
Dipole moment
THIS WEEK
CONCEPTS
Octet rule
How to draw a LEWIS
structure
VSEPR (Valence-Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion)
theory
Determine the molecular
shape by VSEPR
OCTET RULE
In most of their compounds, the representative
elements achieve noble gas configuration
OCTET RULE: elements tend to reach a maximum 8
electrons in the outermost shell - lowest
energy/stable configuration (Except for H: 2
electrons)
H F
OCTET RULE
In most of their compounds, the representative
elements achieve noble gas configuration
OCTET RULE: elements tend to reach a maximum 8
electrons in the outermost shell - lowest
energy/stable configuration (Except for H: 2
electrons)
H F
S= N - A
Some examples?
HF:
N = 81 (1 atom F) + 21 (1 atom H) = 10
A = 71 (1 atom F) + 11 (1 atom H) = 8
S = N-A = 10-8 = 2 e- shared
HF
Some examples?
H2O:
N=
A=
S=
NH4+: N =
A=
S=
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
How to
to draw
How
draw aa Lewis
Lewisstructure
structure
with single bonds
Step 1
O
O S O
O
Some exceptions:
a) O2 and O3
b) Peroxides : O22-;
c) Superoxides: O2-
How to
to draw
How
draw aa Lewis
Lewisstructure
structure
with single bonds
Step 1
How to
to draw
How
draw
Lewisstructure
structure of
Some examples:
drawaaaLewis
structure
with single bonds
a) H2SO4 b) ClO4
c)NO3
a) H2SO4
Step 1: Draw a skeleton
O
H O S O H
O
a) H2SO4
Step 3: put the shared e- in the skeleton
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Step 2
Step 3
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
RESONANCE
Sometimes, there COULD be 2 Lewis structure for 1
molecule
Resonance structures
RESONANCE: DELOCALISATION
Resonance structures
RESONANCE: DELOCALISATION
Another example of electron-pair
delocalisation
CONCEPTS
Octet rule
How to draw a LEWIS
structure
VSEPR (Valence-Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion)
theory
Determine the
molecular shape by VSEPR
AXnE
Linear Arrangement
The molecular shape with 2 electron groups
2 electron groups are
as far apart as each
other
Linear arrangement of
electron groups
Linear shape
bond angle of 180o
Linear Arrangement
The molecular shape with 2 electron groups
Gaseous Beryllium Chloride (BeCl2)
Lets examine
The effect of double bond on bond
angle
The effect of a lone pair on bond angle
Tetrahedral Arrangement
The molecular shape with 4 electron groups
Tetrahedral Arrangement
The molecular shape with 4 electron groups
With 4 electron groups the molecule
shape is in 3D.
So, Lewis structures do not depict all shape
Consider: Methane (CH4)
Tetrahedral Arrangement
Tetrahedral Arrangement
Example: NH3
Tetrahedral Arrangement
Example: H2O
<
<
Examples
can be
found in
text
books
Octahedral Arrangement
The molecular shape with 6 electron groups
STEPS TO DETERMINE
A MOLECULAR SHAPE by VESPR MODEL
We understood how VESPR works for the
molecule shape
Now we learn to apply the model and
determine a molecule shape from a molecular
formula
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Example 1: PF3
Step 1
Step 3
Step 2
Step 4
THIS WEEK
CONCEPTS
Valence electron
Lewis dot formula
Electronegativity
Polar, non polar bond
Polarity
Dipole, dipole moment
THIS WEEK
CONCEPTS
How to draw a LEWIS
structure
Octet rule
VSEPR (Valence-Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion)
theory
Determine the molecular
shape by VSEPR