Mathematical Reasoning

Introduction
All
Some

IF
All
Induction
Deduction

Or
and
If and
only if
Then
-

(a) Is 3 + 2 = 5
a statement ?
Explain your answer.
Yes, it is a statement
because it is true
(b) Is 3 + 2 = 6
a statement ?
Explain your answer.
Yes, it is a statement
because it is false

(c) Is 3 + x = 5 a statement ?
Explain your answer.
No, it is not a statement
because we cant determine
whether it is true

If

Antecedence
(cause)

then

Consequence
(effect)

If

you work hard

then

you will score in the

If

you smoke

then

examination.
you will suffer fr
lung cancer

If

m+5 = 12

then

If

x is a factor of 12

then

n is an odd number
number
If
x is a prime number
If

then
then

m=7
x is a factor of 24

n+1 is an even
2x is an even number

False

All
Some

All
Some

polygons have 5 sides.

boys are lazy.

False
All

True
Some

True

True

False

All triangles have 3 sides

Some triangles have 4 sides

All pentagons have 5 sides

Some hexagons have 5 sides

All multiples of 3 are

multiples of 6

Some prime numbers are

odd numbers
Some quadratic equations
have two roots.

Some multiples of 3 are

multiple of 6

All prime numbers are odd

numbers
All quadratic equations have
two roots.

QUANTIFIER ALL AND SOME

Based on the information given, construct a true statement using the quantifier all or some

Answer (true statement)

Object and property
1

Acute angle ; less than 90o

All acute angles are less than 90o

Negative number; smaller than

zero

All negative numbers are smaller than zero

Triangle ; right-angled triangles

Some triangles are right-angled triangles

Object and property

Answer (true statement)

Rhombuses ; four equal sides

All rhombuses have four equal sides

Odd number ; prime number

Some odd number are prime numbers

Factor of 6 ; factor of 3

Some factors of 6 are factor of 3

Isosceles triangle ; two equal

sides

All isosceles triangles have two equal

sides

Even number ; divisible by 10

Some even numbers are divisible by 10

QUANTIFIER ALL AND SOME

Based on the information given, construct a false statement using the quantifier all or some

Answer (true statement)

Object and property
1

Null sets ; no elements

Some null sets have no elements

Parallel line ; the same

length

All parallel lines have the same length

Odd number ; perfect

square

All odd number are perfect squares

Object and property

Answer (true statement)

Orchid flower ; red in colour

All orchid flower are red in colour

Human being ; heart

Some human beings have heart

Quadratic equation ; 2
roots

All quadratic equation have 2 roots

2 digits number ; less than

100

Some 2 digits numbers are less than

100

Multiples of 8 ; can be
exactly divided by 4

Some multiples of 8 can be exactly

divided by 4

If

Antecedence
(cause)

then

Consequence
(effect)

Converse of a statement

If

Consequence
(effect)

then

Antecedence
(cause)

If

you work hard

then

you will score in the

If

you want to score in the

examination.

then

you have to work hard

examination.

If
If

x is a factor of 12
x is a factor of 24

then
then

x is a factor of 24
x is a factor of 12

If

x >

then

x+2>7

then

If

The time is 6 oclock

then

the hour and minute hands

are in a stright line

If the hour and minute hands

are in a straight line

then

if

x+2>7

If the gradient of two lines are

the same
If two lines are parallel

then
then

x >

The time is 6 oclock

The lines are parallel

their gradients are the same

Compound
Statement

2+3=5

and

3 2= 6

False
True

or

Combine the two statements below to form a new statement

which is (a) true (b) false

Statement I : 4 > 2
Statement II : 3,4,5 is a Pythagorean triple
True

-4 > -2

or

False

-4 > -2

and

3,4,5 is a Pythagorean triple

3,4,5 is a Pythagorean triple

50 or 45 is a multiple of 10
6 is a factor of 16 or 24
A rectangle has 4 sides and a pentagon has 6 sides
7 is a factor of 49 and a prime number
12 + 22 = 32 and 32 + 42 = 52
2 is equal to 20 or (2 1) 1
All even numbers are divisible by 2 or all odd
numbers are divisible by 3
36 is a perfect square and a multiple of 4
80 is a perfect square or an even number
17 is a prime number and a factor of 34
1 m2 = 10 000 cm2 or 1 cm3 = 10 000 mm3
Ant is an insect and has 4 legs

1
0
1
1
0
0
1

0
1
0
1
1
1
0

1+0=1

1
0
1
1
1

1
1
1
0
0

1x1=1

0+1=1
1x0=0
1x1=1
0x1=0
0+1=1
1+0=1

0+1=1
1x1=1
1+0=1
1x0=0

3x > 12

if and
only if

1.If

then

2.If

then

X>4

then

X>4

then

3x > 12

Answer

2.If

3x > 12

Click to show

1.If

X>4

(a)

m < n if and only if 4m < 4n

Implication I : If m < n then 4m < 4n

Implication

II : If 4m < 4n then m < n

(b) xy = 0 if and only if x = 0 or y = 0

Implication I

: If xy = 0 then x = 0 or y = 0

Implication II

: If x = 0 of y = 0 then xy = 0

Premise I : All regular pentagons have five equal sides

Premise II :

PQRST is a regular pentagon

Conclusion : PQRST

Solve

Click to show

has five equal sides.

Premise I : All even number are divisible by 2

Premise II :

18 is an even number

Conclusion : 18

Solve

Click to show

is divisible by 2.

Premise I : If x and y are odd number then the product of x

Premise II :
Conclusion :

Solve

Click to show

5 and 7 are odd numbers

and y is odd number

The product of 5 and 7

is odd number.

Premise I : All polygons have a sum of 180o for its exterior angles.
Premise II : Octagon is
Conclusion : Octagon

Solve

Click to show

a polygon.
has a sum of 180o for its exterior angles

Premise I : IF x is greater than zero, then x is a positive number.

Premise II : 8 is greater than zero.
Conclusion : 8

Solve

Click to show

is a positive number

Premise I : If x is a negative number then it is less than 0

All negative numbers are less than 0

Premise II :

8 is a negative number

Conclusion : 8
Solve

Click to show

is less than 0

Premise I : If

JKL is an equilateral triangle, then the value of its interior

angles is 60 o
Premise II :
the value of JKL
interior angles
60o
Conclusion : JKL is not an equilateral triangle

Solve

Click to show

5 is a number that is a factor of 5

5 is a number that is not a factor of 9.
Number 5 is not a factor of 9

Premise 1 : If x is a number that is divisible by 6

Premise II :

is divisible by 2
11 is not divisible by 2

Conclusion : 11 is not divisible by 6

Solve

Click to show

then x

6 = (1)3

+ 5

13 = (2)3

+ 5

32 = (3)3

+ 5

69 = (4)3 + 5

n3 + 5

Solve

Click to show

n = 1,2,3 ..
n = 1,2,3, 4
n = integer

6 = (1)

9 = (2)

+ 5
+ 5

14 = (3)2

+ 5

21 = (4)2 + 5

+ 5

n = 1,2,3 ..
n = 1,2,3, 4
n = integer

12 = 2(2)3 4
50 = 2(3)3 4
124 = 2(4)3 4
246 = 2(5)3 4

2 n3 4
n = 2,3,4 ..
n =2,3, 4,5
n = integer
Solve

Click to show

Solve

Click to show

5 = 5 2(0)3

141 = 2(3) + 5(3)3

3 = 5 2(1)3

328 = 2(4) + 5(4)3

20 = 3(3)2 7

11 = 5 2(2)3

635 = 2(5)+ 5(5)3

41 = 3(4)

49 = 5 2(3)3

1092 = 2(6) + 5(6)3

4 = 3 (1)

5 = 3 (2)

7
7

3n

-7

2n

2n

+5

n3

n = 1,2,3 ..

n = 0,1,2 ..

n = 3,4,5 ..

n = 1,2,3,4
n = integer

n = 0,1,2,3
n = integer

n = 3,4,5 6.
n = integer