CDMA Technology

Overview
Lesson 4 - CDMA Reverse Channels

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-1

Access Channels

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-2

Code Channels in the Reverse Direction

There are two types of CDMA Reverse Channels:
TRAFFIC CHANNELS are used by individual
users during their actual calls to transmit traffic
to the BTS
a reverse traffic channel is defined by a user-specific

BTS

public or private Long Code mask

there are as many reverse Traffic Channels as
there are CDMA phones in the world

ACCESS CHANNELS are used by mobile stations

not yet in a call to transmit registration requests,
call setup requests, page responses, order
responses, and other signaling information
an access channel is defined by a user-independent
public long code mask
Access channels are paired with Paging Channels.
There can be up to 32 access channels per paging
channel

CDMA Technology Overview

REG
1-800
242
4444

February, 2001 - Page 3-3

Coding Process in the Reverse Direction

MTX

BSC

BTS (1 sector)
Long Code Gen

Access Channels

Channel Element
Long Code Gen

Vocoder

Channel Element
Long Code Gen

Vocoder

Channel Element
Long Code Gen

more

Vocoder

Channel Element

more

more

CDMA Technology Overview

User
Long
Code

CDMA
Frequency
Receiver,
Sector X

User
Long
Code

Channel Element
Long Code Gen

Vocoder

A Reverse Channel is identified by:

its CDMA RF carrier Frequency
the unique Long Code PN Offset of the
individual handset

User
Long
Code

User
Long
Code

User
Long
Code

User
Long
Code

February, 2001 - Page 3-4

Access Channels
4800 bps

Used by the mobile station to

Initiate communication with the base station
Respond to Paging Channel messages
Has a fixed data rate of 4800 bps
Each Access Channel is associated with only one Paging Channel
Up to 32 access channels (0-31) are supported per Paging Channel

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-5

Access Channel Generation

I PN (No Offset)
Access Channel
Information
(88 bits/Frame)
4.8 kpbs

R = 1/3
Convolutional
Encoder &
Repetition

28.8
ksps

Block
Interleaver

28.8
ksps Orthogonal
Modulation

307.2
kcps

1.2288
Mcps

1/2 PN
Chip
Delay
D

Access Channel
Long Code Mask

Long PN Code
Generator

1.2288
Mcps
Direct
Sequence
Spreading

Q PN (No Offset)

Message attempts are randomized to reduce probability of collision

Two message types:
A response message (in response to a base station message)
A request message (sent autonomously by the mobile station)

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-6

Rate 1/3 Convolutional Encoder

Code Symbols
(OUTPUT)

g0

+
Information bits
(INPUT)

g1

Code Symbols
(OUTPUT)

+
g2

CDMA Technology Overview

Code Symbols
(OUTPUT)

February, 2001 - Page 3-7

Access Channel Block Interleaving

28.8 ksps from

Conv. Encoding
& Symbol
Repetition (2x)

Input Array
(Normal
Sequence)
32 x 18

Output Array
(Reordered
Sequence)
32 x 18

28.8 ksps to
Orthogonal
Modulation

576 code symbols (288 x 2) are written sequentially by columns,

then read by rows in a particular order (called bit-reverse readout
of the row addresses) every 20 ms
Block interleaving separates repeated symbols in two identical
sets: one set is transmitted during the first 10 ms and the second
set, with the repetitions, is transmitted during the second 10 ms
Improves survivability of symbol information
Spreads the effect of spurious interference and fast fading
CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-8

Access Channel Block Interleaving

(4800 x 2 bps - Write Matrix)
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
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17
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22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32

CDMA Technology Overview

33
33
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96

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112

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281
282
282
283
283
284
284
285
285
286
286
287
287
288
288

February, 2001 - Page 3-9

Access Channel Block Interleaving

(4800 x 2 bps - Read Matrix)
1
9
5
13
3
11
7
15
2
10
6
14
4
12
8
16

17
25
21
29
19
27
23
31
18
26
22
30
20
28
24
32

33
41
37
45
35
43
39
47
34
42
38
46
36
44
40
48

49
57
53
61
51
59
55
63
50
58
54
62
52
60
56
64

65
73
69
77
67
75
71
79
66
74
70
78
68
76
72
80

81
89
85
93
83
91
87
95
82
90
86
94
84
92
88
96

97
105
101
109
99
107
103
111
98
106
102
110
100
108
104
112

113
121
117
125
115
123
119
127
114
122
118
126
116
124
120
128

129
137
133
141
131
139
135
143
130
138
134
142
132
140
136
144

145
153
149
157
147
155
151
159
146
154
150
158
148
156
152
160

161
169
165
173
163
171
167
175
162
170
166
174
164
172
168
176

177
185
181
189
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183
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182
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184
192

193
201
197
205
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207
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200
208

209
217
213
221
211
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215
223
210
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222
212
220
216
224

225
233
229
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227
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239
226
234
230
238
228
236
232
240

241
249
245
253
243
251
247
255
242
250
246
254
244
252
248
256

257
265
261
269
259
267
263
271
258
266
262
270
260
268
264
272

273
281
277
285
275
283
279
287
274
282
278
286
276
284
280
288

1
9
5
13
3
11
7
15
2
10
6
14
4
12
8
16

17
25
21
29
19
27
23
31
18
26
22
30
20
28
24
32

33
41
37
45
35
43
39
47
34
42
38
46
36
44
40
48

49
57
53
61
51
59
55
63
50
58
54
62
52
60
56
64

65
73
69
77
67
75
71
79
66
74
70
78
68
76
72
80

81
89
85
93
83
91
87
95
82
90
86
94
84
92
88
96

97
105
101
109
99
107
103
111
98
106
102
110
100
108
104
112

113
121
117
125
115
123
119
127
114
122
118
126
116
124
120
128

129
137
133
141
131
139
135
143
130
138
134
142
132
140
136
144

145
153
149
157
147
155
151
159
146
154
150
158
148
156
152
160

161
169
165
173
163
171
167
175
162
170
166
174
164
172
168
176

177
185
181
189
179
187
183
191
178
186
182
190
180
188
184
192

193
201
197
205
195
203
199
207
194
202
198
206
196
204
200
208

209
217
213
221
211
219
215
223
210
218
214
222
212
220
216
224

225
233
229
237
227
235
231
239
226
234
230
238
228
236
232
240

241
249
245
253
243
251
247
255
242
250
246
254
244
252
248
256

257
265
261
269
259
267
263
271
258
266
262
270
260
268
264
272

273
281
277
285
275
283
279
287
274
282
278
286
276
284
280
288

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-10

Access Channel Structure

4800 bps

20 x (4 + PAM_SZ + MAX_CAP_SZ) ms
96 x (4 + PAM_SZ + MAX_CAP_SZ) bits

Access Channel Slot

20 ms
96 bits

96 x Nf bits (not exceeding 3 + MAX_CAP_SZ frames)

Access Channel Frame

Access Channel Frame Body

Access Channel Preamble

1 + PAM_SZ frames
96 x (1 + PAM_SZ) bits

Access Channel Message Capsule

88 x Nf bits

Nf =Number of Access
Channel Frames
needed for message
transmission
T = Encoder Tail Bits
(eight zeroes)

CDMA Technology Overview

Access Channel Message

MSG_LENGTH

8x
MSG_LENGTH
Message Body

8 bits

2-842 bits

Padding
as
required
CRC
30 bits

February, 2001 - Page 3-11

Access Channel Probing

Access Probe
1 + NUM_STEP
(16 max)

Access
Probe 1

PI
ACCESS
PROBE
SEQUENCE

Access
Probe 1

PI
Access
Probe 1

PI

IP
(Initial
Power)

Access
Probe 1
System
Time
TA

RT

TA

RT

TA

RT

TA

Select Access Channel (RA) See previous

initialize transmit power
figure
CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-12

Reverse Traffic Channels

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-13

CDMA Reverse Traffic Channels

Used when a call is in progress to send

Voice traffic from the subscriber
Response to commands/queries from the base station
Requests to the base station
Supports variable data rate operation for
8 Kbps vocoder
Rate Set 1 - 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps
Multiplex Option 1
13 Kbps vocoder
Rate Set 2 - 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps
Multiplex Option 2
CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-14

Reverse Traffic Channel Generation

9600 bps
4800 bps
2400 bps
1200 bps
or
14400 bps
7200 bps
3600 bps
1800 bps

I PN
(no offset)

R = 1/3
Convolutional
Encoder &
Repetition

28.8
ksps

Block
Interleaver

28.8
307.2
ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst
Randomizer
Modulation

1/2 PN
Chip
Delay
D

R = 1/2
User Address
Mask

CDMA Technology Overview

1.2288
Mcps

Long
PN Code
Generator

1.2288
Mcps

Q PN
(no offset)
Direct
Sequence
Spreading

February, 2001 - Page 3-15

Reverse Traffic Channel Frame Structure

Rate
Set

Number of Bits per Frame

Transmission
Rate

Total

9600

192

172

12

4800

96

80

2400

48

40

1200

24

16

14400

288

267

12

7200

144

125

10

3600

72

55

1800

36

21

CDMA Technology Overview

Erasure Information CRC

Tail Bits

February, 2001 - Page 3-16

Reverse Traffic Channel Convolutional Encoding

& Symbol Repetition
9.6 kbps
4.8 kbps
2.4 kbps
1.2 kbps

Variable
Rate
Output
from
Vocoder

28.8 ksps (No repetition)

14.4 ksps (2 X repetition)
7.2 ksps (4 X repetition)
3.6 ksps (8 X repetition)

R=1/3 K=9
Convolutional
Encoder
R=1/2 K=9
14.4 kbps
7.2 kbps
3.6 kbps
1.8 kbps

Symbol
Repetition

PCM Voice

28.8 ksps
to Block
Interleaver

28.8 ksps (No repetition)

14.4 ksps (2 X repetition)
7.2 ksps (4 X repetition)
3.6 ksps (8 X repetition)

Convolutional encoding:
Results in 3 code symbols out for each bit in, at Rate Set 1,
and in 2 code symbols out for each bit in, at Rate Set 2
Also allows for reduction in transmit power
Reduces overall noise & increases capacity
Symbol repetition maintains a constant 28.8 ksps output to
block interleaver
CDMA Technology Overview

Vocoder
Processing
Convolutional
Encoding
Code Symbol
Repetition
Block
Interleaving
Orthogonal
Modulation
Data Burst
Randomizer
Direct Sequence
Spreading
Quadrature
Spreading
Baseband
Filtering

Baseband Traffic
to RF Section
February, 2001 - Page 3-17

Reverse Traffic Channel Block Interleaving

PCM Voice

28.8 ksps
From Coding
& Symbol
Repetition

Input Array
(Normal
Sequence)
32 x 18

Output Array
(Reordered
Sequence)
32 x 18

28.8 ksps to
Orthogonal
Modulation

20 ms symbol blocks are sequentially reordered

Combats the effects of fast fading
Separates repeated symbols at 4800 bps and
below
Improves survivability of symbol data
Spreads the effect of spurious interference
CDMA Technology Overview

Vocoder
Processing
Convolutional
Encoding
Code Symbol
Repetition
Block
Interleaving
Orthogonal
Modulation
Data Burst
Randomizer
Direct Sequence
Spreading
Quadrature
Spreading
Baseband
Filtering

Baseband Traffic
to RF Section
February, 2001 - Page 3-18

Lesson Review
1.

The two types of CDMA Reverse Channels are Traffic Channels and Access
Channels. [True/False]

True
2.

Short PN sequences are used to achieve _____________________.

Phase Modulation
3.

How many access channels are supported by a single paging channel?

32 (0 - 31)
4.

When generating the Access Channel, why are message attempts randomized?

To reduce the probability of collision

5.

What is the access channel preamble?

A frame comprised of 96 zeroes that aids the base station in acquiring access
channel transmission.

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-19

Lesson Review, contd

6.

All Access Channels associated with a particular Paging Channel

a. have the same slot size
b. do not have the same slot size
c. all slots begin at the same time
d. all slots do not begin at the same time
e. a and c
f. a and d
g. none of the above

a and c
7.

Why is the Reverse Traffic Channel preamble transmitted by the mobile to the base station?

To help the base station acquire the Reverse Traffic Channel

8.

The pilot PN sequences are offset relative to system time, not mobile station time. Why?

The mobile draws its time reference from the earliest usable pilot component it receives.
9.

What is used in the reverse path: direct sequence spreading or data scrambling?

Direct sequence spreading

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-20

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2001 - Page 3-21