History of Biotechnology and

Genetics

Presented by:
Chairany Rizka ( 4103342001 )
Era ( 4103342012 )
Nanda Eska Anugrah Nasution
( 4103342014 )

I. What is Biotechnology?
Biotechnology = bios (life) + logos (study of or
essence)
Literally the study of tools from living things

Biotechnology as any technique that

uses living organisms or substances
from those organisms, to make or
modify a product, to improve plants or
animals, or to develop microorganisms
for specific uses.

 Some of these include the use of

microorganisms to make the antibiotic,
penicillin or the dairy product, yoghurt; the
use of microorganisms to produce amino
acids or enzymes are also examples of
biotechnology.

Examples
Examples:
they could plant their own crops and breed their
own animals, they learned to use biotechnology.
The first animal breeders, realizing that different
physical traits could be either magnified or lost
by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged
in the manipulations of biotechnology.

What Are the Stages of Biotechnology

Development
Ancient biotechnology- early history as
related to food and shelter; Includes
domestication
Classical biotechnology- built on ancient
biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food
production, and medicine
Modern biotechnology manipulates
genetic information in organism; Genetic
engineering

Ancient Biotechnology
* Domestication and Agriculture
* Ancient Plant Germplasm
* History of Fermented Foods and
Beverages
(the beginning of Classical Biotechnology)

Domestication
Nomadic lifestyle of prehistoric peoples

- gather food and hunt animals

- 10K years ago they abandoned their
nomadic ways and started to domesticate
plants and animals

*Agriculture developed independently in several areas of the world

Domestication
9000 BC - First evidence of plant domestication
in hills above Tigris River
5000 BC - Agricultural communities exist in
Mesopotamia
2000 BC - The Babylonians and Egyptians left
pictorial evidence that dogs, sheep, and cattle had
been domesticated

Ancient Plant Germplasm

1000 BC - Domestication complete for all
important food crops in the new world
- Selected seeds, cuttings, or tubers
from superior plants for the next planting.

Large-scale organized seed production began in the early 1900s

Fermented Foods
Once people settled in villages, the development of new foods was
possible - accidental discovery!
* food contamination often destroys the food reserve
* in some cases the microbial activity enhances the flavor
and texture kimchi - sauerkraut - yoghurt - cheese

FERMENTATION - (lat.) fervere => to boil

addition of yeast to fruit juice
=> wine
yeast to malt and grain => beer
aroma of bread baking => alcohol produced
bread rises => because of trapped CO2
CO2
Glucose --> - -> - -> Pyruvate ---> Acetaldeyhyde ------> Ethanol

Biotechnology is
used for the first
time
when the Egyptians
use yeast to
leaven
bread and ferment
beer

4000 BC Cheese
According to an ancient legend, it was made
accidentally by an Arabian merchant who put his
supply of milk into a pouch made from a sheep's
stomach, as he set out on a day's journey across the
desert.
The rennet in the lining of the pouch, combined with
the heat of the sun, caused the milk to separate into
curd and whey. That night he found that the whey
satisfied his thirst, and the cheese (curd) had a
delightful flavor which satisfied his hunger

Classical Biotechnology
Knowledge drives technology
scientific and applied knowledge
practical experience
* From mid-nineteenth century
knowledge of cell processes
- refined fermentation technology
Brewers began producing alcohol on a large scale in the early 1700s
* By the 1800s brewers knew to use pure yeast cultures

Classical Biotechnology
1822-1895

Louis Pasteur - germ theory

- microbes are responsible for
fermentation
- proved that fermentation is the result
of activity of yeasts and bacteria.

Vinegar is another product that shows progress in

technology, by fermenting wine in special fermentation
chambers and using Acetobacter bacteria .
The amount of fermentation products increased from
1900 to 1940:
1.
Products such as glycerol, acetone, butanol, lactic acid,
citric acid, and yeast biomass for bakers yeast were
developed.
2.
Industrial fermentation was established during World
War I because Germany needed large amounts of glycerol for
explosives.
3. Aseptic techniques improved industrial fermentation by
the 1940s, as well as the control of nutrients, aeration,
methods of sterility, and product isolation and purification.
4. World War II brought the age of the modern fermenter,
also called a bioreactor, because there was a need to massproduce antibiotics such as penicillin and others

Antibiotics
Penicillin
Developed in the late1920s
Introduced in the 1940s
First drug produced
by
microbes

Classical Biotechnology
- Penicillin was produced by the fermentation of cultured Penicillium.

Whole organisms or individual cells rather than specific genes

Classical Biotechnology - ANTIBIOTICS

Modern Biotech
Deals with manipulating genetic
info
Microscopy and advanced
computer technology are used
In-depth knowledge of science

Genetics
Study of heredity
Most work has focused on
animal and plant genetics
Genes determiners of heredity

Genes
Carry the genetic code
Understanding genetic structure
essential for genetic
engineering

Heredity
How traits are passed from
parents to offspring
Members of the same species
pass the characteristics of that
species

Heredity
Differences exist within each
species.
Differences are known as
variability

Modern Biotech
Use of biotech to produce new
life forms
Emerged in mid 1900s
Made possible by rDNA
technology

Biotech History Cont.

100 AD
First insecticide-Powdered Chrysanthemums

1590-1675
Cells Discovered

Biotech History Cont.

1830
Proteins & Enzymes Discovered
1835
Cell Theory

Biotech History Cont.

1857
Pasteur proposed microbes cause fermentation
1865
Mendel & His Peas
(cross-breeding)

Biotech History Cont.

1919
Word biotechnology first seen in print
Biotechnology

1928
Penicillin Discovered by
Alexander Flemming

Biotech History Cont.

1930
Plant breeding patented

1953
Watson & Cricks Double Helix

Biotech History Cont.

1961
1st biopesticide registered
(Bt-bacillus thuringiensis)
1963
New wheat varieties increase yields by
70%!!!

Biotech History Cont.

1970s
1st restriction enzyme used to cut DNA
1st complete synthesis of a gene
Recombinant DNA or rDNA
DNA sequencing
Guidelines for recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA-artificially splicing pieces of DNA together, usually
using specialized enzymes, a necessary step for genetic engineering
DNA Sequencing-laboratory technique for determining the nucleotide
sequence (ATGC) or arrangement in a segment of DNA

Biotech History Cont.

1980
Oil-eating microorganisms patented by Exxon

1982
1st Biotech Drug Approved=
Human Insulin from GM
Bacteria

Biotech History Cont.

1986
1st GE Vaccine-Hepatitis B
1st GE Anti-Cancer Drug-Interferon
1987
Interleukin (IL -2), a protein used to treat cancer, by Cetus undergoes
clinical trials
1990
Bt Corn
Human Genome Project Started
Chymosin (biotech substance) approved for cheese

Biotech History Cont.

1993
BIO formed=Biotechnology Industry Organization
Bovine Somatotropin approved to increase
milk production
1994
1st GE Whole Food Approved
FlavrSavr Tomato

Biotech History Cont.

1996-7
1st weed & insect resistant crops for sale
Hello Dolly! 1st cloned animal in Scotland
By Ian wilmut

Biotech History Cont.

2000
Golden Rice technology available for
developing countries
2001
First complete map of genome-Rice
Human Genome Draft published

Biotech History Cont.

2003
YieldGuard Plus corn-fights both corn borer &
rootworm
2004
GM Pet-GloFish
DNA-based product tracing system for pork and
beef

Dampak Positif
meningkatnya sifat resistensi tanaman terhadap hama dan penyakit
tanaman, misalnya tanaman transgenik kebal hama
meningkatnya produk-produk ( baik kualitas maupun kuantitas )
pertanian , perkebunan, peternakan maupun perikanan.
meningkatnya nilai tambah bahan makanan. Pengolahan bahan
makanan tertentu, seperti susu menjadi yoghurt, mentega, keju.
membantu manusia mengatasi masalah-masalah pencemaran
lingkungan, Seperti : bacteri pemakan plastik dan parafin, bacteri
penghasil bahan plastik biodegradable

 membantu manusia mengatasi masalah sumber daya

energi. Misalnya : bioethanol, biogas.
membantu dunia kedokteran dan medis mengatasi
penyakit-penyakit tertentu. Misalnya : penyakit kelainan
genetis dg terapi gen, hormon insulin, antibiotik, antibodi
monoklonal, vaksin.
mengatasi masalah pelestarian species langka dan hampir
punah. Dengan teknologi transplantasi nukleus, hewan /
tumbuhan langka bisa dilestarikan

Dampak Negatif
munculnya pencemaran biologis, berupa penyebaran organisme
transgenik yang tak terkendali.
gangguan keseimbangan ekosistem akibat perubahan dinamika
populasi.
kerusakan tatanan sosial masyarakat , ketika cloning pada
manusia tidak terkendali.
tersingkirnya berbagai plasma nutfah alami / lokal. Flora dan
fauna lokal "terdesak" oleh kehadiran flora dan fauna transgenik.
menimbulkan pertentangan berkepanjangan antara tokoh
ilmuwan bioteknologi dengan tokoh-tokoh kemanusiaan dan
agama.

Thank you

History of Genetic

Basic
Genetics is the study of genes.
Inheritance is how traits, or
characteristics, are passed on from
generation to generation.
Chromosomes are made up of genes,
which are made up of DNA.
Genetic material (genes,chromosomes,
DNA) is found inside the nucleus of a
cell.
Gregor Mendel is considered The
Father of Genetics"

Pre-Mendelian ideas on
Heredity

Ancient Theories
The most influential early theories of heredity
were that of Hippocrates and Aristotle.
Hippocrates' theory (possibly based on the
teachings of Anaxagoras) was similar to
Darwin's later ideas on pangenesis,
involving heredity material that collects
from throughout the body. Aristotle
suggested instead that the (nonphysical)
form-giving principle of an organism was
transmitted through semen and the
mother's menstrual blood, which interacted
in the womb to direct an organism's early
development.

 Aristotle

Hippocrates

Charaka Sahita (300C)

Ayurveda saw the characteristics

of the child as determined by
four factors: 1) those from the
mothers reproductive material,
(2) those from the fathers
sperm, (3) those from the diet of
the pregnant mother and (4)
those accompanying the soul
which enters into the foetus.

900 C
In the 9th century C
the Afro-Arab writer
Al-Jahiz considered
the effects of the
environment on the
likelihood of an
animal to survive.

1000 C
In 1000 CE, the Arab
physician, Abu al-Qasim
al-Zahrawi (known as
Albucasis in the West)
was the first physician to
describe clearly the
hereditary nature of
haemophilia in his AlTasrif.

1140 C
In 1140 CE, Judah
HaLevi described
dominant and
recessive genetic
traits in The Kuzari

1800 C
The Ideas about heredity
began to appear. Linnaeus
and others (among them
Joseph Gottlieb Klreuter, Carl
Friedrich von Grtner, and
Charles Naudin) conducted
extensive experiments with
hybridization, especially
species hybrids. Species
hybridizers described a wide
variety of inheritance
phenomena, include hybrid
sterility and the high
variability of back-crosses.

Early timeline

1856 and 1865

Gregor Mendel
Austrian Monk.
Experimented with pea plants.
Used pea plants because:
They were available
They reproduced quickly
They showed obvious differences in the
traits

Understood that there was something that

carried traits from one generation to the
next- FACTOR.

Mendel cont

The rules underlying patterns of inheritance

were uncovered in a series of experiments
performed by an Austrian monk named
Gregor Mendel.

Mendel's Plant Breeding Experiments

Gregor Mendel was one of the first to apply an
experimental approach to the question of
inheritance.
For seven years, Mendel bred pea plants and
recorded inheritance patterns in the offspring.
Particulate Hypothesis of Inheritance
Parents pass on to their offspring separate and
distinct factors (today called genes) that are
responsible for inherited traits.

 Mendel's work was

published in 1866 as
"Versuche ber PflanzenHybriden" (Experiments
on Plant Hybridization) in
the Verhandlungen des
Naturforschenden
Vereins zu Brnn
(Proceedings of the
Natural History Society of
Brnn), following two
lectures he gave on the
work in early 1866

1869 C
Friedrich Miescher
discovers a weak
acid in the nuclei
of white blood
cells that today
we call DNA

1880-1890
Walther Flemming,
Eduard
Strasburger, and
Edouard Van
Beneden elucidate
chromosome
distribution during
cell division

1889
Hugo de Vries
postulates that
"inheritance of
specific traits in
organisms comes in
particles", naming
such particles
"(pan)genes

1900 C
Plant breeders were also
developing an array of stable
varieties in many important
plant species. In the early 19th
century, Augustin Sageret
established the concept of
dominance, recognizing that
when some plant varieties are
crossed, certain characters
(present in one parent) usually
appear in the offspring; he also
found that some ancestral
characters found in neither
parent may appear in
offspring.

1903
Walter Sutton and
Theodor Boveri
hypothesizes that
chromosomes, which
segregate in a
Mendelian fashion, are
hereditary units; see
the chromosome
theory

1905, 1908
1905: William
Bateson coins the
term "genetics" in
a letter to Adam
Sedgwick and at a
meeting in 1906
1908: Hardy
Weinberg law
derived.

1910
1910: Thomas Hunt
Morgan shows that
genes reside on
chromosomes

1913
Alfred Sturtevant
makes the first
genetic map of a
chromosome
Gene maps show
chromosomes
containing linear
arranged genes

1918
Ronald Fisher publishes
"The Correlation
Between Relatives on
the Supposition of
Mendelian Inheritance"
the modern synthesis
of genetics and
evolutionary biology
starts.

1920
Lysenkoism Started, during
Lysenkoism they stated that the
hereditary factor are not only in the
nucleus, but also in the cytoplasm,
though they called it living
protoplasm.

1928
Frederick Griffith
discovers that
hereditary material
from dead bacteria
can be incorporated
into live bacteria
(see Griffith's
experiment)

1931
Crossing over is
identified as the cause
of recombination; the
first cytological
demonstration of this
crossing over was
performed by Barbara
McClintock and Harriet
Creighton

1933
Jean Brachet is able
to show that DNA is
found in
chromosomes and
that RNA is present
in the cytoplasm of
all cells.

1941
1941: Edward Lawrie
Tatum and George
Wells Beadle show
that genes code for
proteins

THE DNA ERA

1944
The AveryMacLeod
McCarty experiment
isolates DNA as the
genetic material (at
that time called
transforming principle

1947
Salvador Luria
discovers reactivation
of irradiated phage,
stimulating numerous
further studies of
DNA repair processes
in bacteriophage, and
other organisms,
including humans

1948
1948: Barbara
McClintock
discovers
transposons in
maize

1950
Erwin Chargaff shows
that the four nucleotides
are not present in
nucleic acids in stable
proportions, but that
some general rules
appear to hold (e.g.,
that the amount of
adenine, A, tends to be
equal to that of
thymine, T).

1952
The Hershey
Chase
experiment
proves the
genetic
information of
phages (and, by
implication, all
other organisms)
to be DNA

1953
DNA structure is resolved to be a
double helix by James Watson and
Francis
Crick
Watson and
Crick admiring their tin and wire model of DNA

1956
1956: Joe Hin Tjio,
while working in
Albert Levan's lab,
established the
correct chromosome
number in humans
to be 46

1958
The Meselson
Stahl experiment
demonstrates that
DNA is
semiconservativel
y replicated.

1960
Jacob and
collaborators
discover the
operon, a group of
genes whose
expression is
coordinated by an
operator

1961-1967
Combined efforts of
scientists "crack"
the genetic code,
including Marshall
Nirenberg, Har
Gobind Khorana,
Sydney Brenner &
Francis Crick.

1964
Howard Temin
showed using RNA
viruses that the
direction of DNA to
RNA transcription
can be reversed

1970
Restriction enzymes
were discovered in
studies of a bacterium,
Haemophilus
influenzae, enabling
scientists to cut and
paste DNA

The Genomic Era

1972
Walter Fiers and his
team at the
Laboratory of
Molecular Biology of
the University of
Ghent (Ghent,
Belgium) were the
first to determine the
sequence of a gene:
the gene for
bacteriophage MS2
coat protein.

1976
Walter Fiers and his
team determine the
complete
nucleotidesequence of
bacteriophage MS2RNA

1977
DNA is sequenced for
the first time by Fred
Sanger, Walter
Gilbert, and Allan
Maxam working
independently.
Sanger's lab sequence
the entire genome of
bacteriophage -X174

1983
Kary Banks Mullis
invents the
polymerase chain
reaction enabling
the easy
amplification of
DNA

1989
The human gene that encodes the
CFTR protein was sequenced by
Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui.
Defects in this gene cause cystic
fibrosis

1995
The genome of
bacterium
Haemophilus
influenzae is the first
genome of a free
living organism to be
sequenced

1996
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, a
yeast species, is
the first
eukaryote
genome
sequence to be
released

1998
The first genome
sequence for a
multicellular
eukaryote,
Caenorhabditis
elegans, is
released

2001
First draft
sequences of the
human genome
are released
simultaneously
by the Human
Genome Project
and Celera
Genomics.

2003 (14 April)

Successful
completion of
Human
Genome Project
with 99% of the
genome
sequenced to a
99.99%
accuracy

The division of Genetic

Science
Pure Science
Molecular Genetic
Cytogenetic
Population Genetic
Quantitative Genetic
Development Genetic

Aplied Science :
Medical Genetic
Breeding genetic
Genetic engineering

Genetics history and key concepts

1860s Mendels
work on peas
allows the
conclusion that
traits are inherited
through discrete
units passed from
one generation to
the next
1870s Friedrich
Miescher describes
nucleic acids
1909 The word gene
coined by Danish botanist
Wilhelm Johannsen
1910 Thomas
Morgans work
on fruitflies
demonstrates
that genes lie on
chromosomes

1940s Barbara
McClintock
describes
mobile genetic
elements in
maize

1977 Phillip Sharp and

Richard Roberts find
that protein-coding
genes are carried in
segments

1944 Oswald
Avery shows
in bacteria
that nucleic
acids are the
transforming
principle
1953 James Watson
and Francis Crick
publish the double helix
model for DNAs
chemical structure
1958 Crick proposes
the central dogma for
biological information
flow: that DNA makes
RNA makes protein

2001 initial results

from the Human
Genome Project
published