Title: DATA ANALYSIS

DATA AND ITS TYPES

Submitted to: Dr. Muhammad Rasheed

By: Fazal Hakim
Reg # 1094-314064
Student of PhD (Education)

Department of Education
Preston University,
Islamabad

A Big Help

Data Analysis is Qualitative or

Quantitative
Analysis of Data is normally done via
Statistics
Statistics: Deals with quantitative data.
(or Numerical data.)
Definition: It is the scientific method of
collection, classification, presentation ,
analysis and decision making of the
quantitative data

Data analysis and interpretation

True or False? Complex analysis

impresses people.

Analysis of Data and its Plannig

To make sure the questions and
your data collection instrument will
get the information you want.
To align your desired report with
the results of analysis and
interpretation.
To improve reliability--consistent
measures over time.
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Key components of a data analysis plan

Purpose of the evaluation
Questions
What you hope to learn from the
question
Analysis technique
How data will be presented

Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data

Quantitative Data is
Presented in a numerical format
Collected in a standardized manner
e.g. surveys, closed-ended interviews, tests
Analyzed using statistical techniques

Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data

Qualitative data is thick in detail and description.
Data often in a narrative format
Data often collected by observation, open-ended interviewing,
document review
Analysis often emphasizes understanding phenomena as they
exist, not following pre-determined hypotheses

DATA AND ITS TYPES

Recognizing and understanding the different data types

is an important component of proper data use and
interpretation
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Data and Variables

Data are often discussed in terms of variables,
where a variable is:
Any characteristic that varies from one
member of a population to another.
A simple example is height in centimeters,
which varies from person to person.

Types of Variables
There are two basic types of variables:
numerical and categorical variables.
Numerical Variables: variables to which a
number is assigned as a quantitative value.
Categorical Variables: variables defined by the
classes or categories into which an individual
member falls.
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Types of Numerical variables

Discrete: Reflects a number obtained by counting
no decimal.
Continuous: Reflects a measurement; the number
of decimal places depends on the precision of the
measuring device.
Ratio scale: Order and distance implied. Differences can
be compared; has a true zero. Ratios can be compared.
Examples: Height, weight, blood pressure
Interval scale: Order and distance implied. Differences
can be compared; no true zero. Ratios cannot be
compared.
Example: Temperature in Celsius.

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Categorical Variables
Defined by the classes or categories into which
an individual member falls.
Nominal Scale: Name only--Gender, hair
color, ethnicity
Ordinal Scale: Nominal categories with an
implied order--Low, medium, high.

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Data: Observations recorded during research

Types of data:
1. Nominal data synonymous with categorical

data, assigned names/ categories based on

characters with out ranking between categories.
ex. male/female, yes/no, death /survival

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2. Ordinal data ordered or graded data,

expressed as Scores or ranks

ex. pain graded as mild, moderate and severe
3. Interval data an equal and definite interval

between two measurements

it can be continuous or discrete
ex. weight expressed as 20, 21,22,23,24
interval between 20 & 21 is same as 23 &24