Review of Chemical Structure

and Bonding; Acids and Bases

Professor: Ms. Lady Christine
N. Grey

Brief History of Organic

Chemistry
Early 19th century

Organic Chemistry means the

chemistry of compounds in
living organisms.
Organic matter are believed
to be endowed with a vital
force.

Brief History of Organic Chemistry

1828

Friedrich
organic
urea, a
from the
cyanate.

Wohler produced the

chemical
compound
component of urine,
inorganic ammonium

Brief History of Organic

Chemistry
1856

William Henry Perkin, while

trying to manufacture quinine,
accidentally manufactured the
first synthetic
organic dye
Mauveine,
also
known
as
Perkins mauve.

Brief History of Organic

Chemistry
Mid 1800s

It was clear that there was no

fundamental difference between
organic
and
inorganic
compounds.
The
only
distinguishing
characteristic
of
organic
chemicals is that all contain the
element Carbon.

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure
Atomic

Number (Z) the

number of protons an atom
contains.
Mass Number (A) the total
number of protons plus neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom.
Isotopes atoms with the same
atomic number but different
mass numbers.

Atomic Structure
Atomic Orbitals

A region of space around the

nucleus where electrons most
likely to be found.

Atomic Structure
Valence Shell

Outermost energy
level.
Octet Rule
States that atoms
tend to lose, gain,
or share electrons
so as to have 8
electrons in the
valence shell.

Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bond

A type of chemical bond formed

through
an
electrostatic
attraction
between
two
oppositely charged ions.

Chemical Bonding
Covalent Bond

A type of chemical bond formed

through sharing of electrons.
The neutral group of atoms held
together by covalent bonds is called
a molecule.

Chemical Bonding
Electron-dot structures and Line-

bond structures

Chemical Bonding

Molecular Orbitals
Represent regions in a molecule

where an electron is likely to be

found.
Obtained from the combination of
atomic orbitals, which predict the
location of an electron in an atom.

Methane: Simplest Organic Compound

Hybrid Orbitals
A type of atomic orbitals that results

when two or more atomic orbitals of an

isolated atom mix.
The number of hybrid orbitals on a
covalently bonded atom is equal to the
number of atomic orbitals used to form
hybrid orbitals.
Do not exist in isolated atoms.
Are equivalent and form identical bonds.

sp3 hybrid orbital

sp3 hybrid orbital

Ethene

sp2 hybrid orbital

sp2 hybrid orbital

Ethyne

sp hybrid orbital

sp hybrid orbital

Polar Covalent Bonds

Bonding electrons are

attracted more strongly

by one atom than the
other
so
that
the
electron
distribution
between atoms is not
symmetrical.
Electronegativity is
the ability of an atom to
attract
the
shared
electron in a covalent
bond.

Electronegativity Values and Trends

Predicting the polarity of a bond

If electronegativity difference is:

2 or more Ionic bond
less than 0.4 Non-polar bond
0.5 to 1.9 Polar Covalent bond
Inductive effect the shifting of
electrons in a bond in response
to the electronegativity of nearby
atoms.

Acids and Bases

Acids taste sour, pH level of 1 to

6.9, turns blue litmus paper to red.

Bases taste bitter, pH level of
7.1 to 14, turns red litmus paper to
blue.

Bronsted Lowry Acids and Bases

Bronsted-Lowry
Acid
a
substance that donates a hydrogen
ion (H+) or a proton.
Bronsted- Lowry Base a
substance that accepts a hydrogen
ion (H-) or a proton.

Organic Acids and Bases

Organic Acids characterized by

the
presence
of
a
positively
polarized hydrogen atom.
2 types of organic acids :
with a H atom bonded to an
electronegative O atom
with a H atom bonded to a C atom
next to a C=O double bond

Organic Acids and Bases

Organic Acids and Bases

Organic Bases characterized by

the presence of an atom with a lone

pair of electrons that can bond to the
H+ ion.

Lewis Acids and Bases

Lewis Acid a substance that

accepts an electron pair.

Lewis Base a substance that
donates an electron pair.

Lewis Acids and Bases

Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

These are attractions between one

molecule
molecule.

and

neighbouring

Types of Intermolecular Attractions

Dipole-dipole forces

Electrostatic
interactions
of
permanent dipoles in molecules.
These interactions tend to align the
molecules
to
increase
the
interaction.

Types of Intermolecular Attractions

Ion-dipole forces

Consists of an ion and a polar

molecule interacting. They align so
that the positive and negative forces
are next to one another, allowing for
maximum attraction.

Types of Intermolecular Attractions

Dipole-induced dipole force

It is the attractive interaction

between a permanent multipole on
one molecule with an induced
multipole on another.

Types of Intermolecular Attractions

London dispersion force

It is a temporary attractive force that

results when the electrons in two
adjacent atoms occupy positions
that make the atoms form temporary
dipoles.

Types of Intermolecular Attractions

Hydrogen

bonding
It is the attractive
force between an
electronegative
atom
and
a
hydrogen
atom
that is bonded to
either
nitrogen,
oxygen,
or
fluorine.