EMBEDDED SYSTEM

DESIGN USING
ARDUINO
Santosh Kumar Verma

Department of Computer Science and Information Technology

Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida

Content

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Introduction of p and c
Introduction of 8051 c
Introduction of Arduino
Atmega328 : Basics and internal
Architecture
Atmega328 : Instruction Set
Arduino programming interface
Analog/Digital components and its
application with arduino
References

Do you know computer

organization?
Arithmetic
Logic Unit

Input

Control Unit

Memory

Output

- How does it work?

- Map its units in personal computer
Input
Output
Memory
ALU
Software System software & Application
software

Introduction to
Microprocessor
ARITHMATIC LOGIC
UNIT

INPUT

CONTROL UNIT

MICROPROCESS
OR
OUTPU
T

MEMORY
MICROCOMPUT
ER

Microprocessor Based
System
INPUT

OUTPUT

MEMORY
MEMORY
INPUT

C
MEMORY

OUTPUT

External
addition
memory
desired

memory in
to internal
may
be

Address, Data and Control Bus

Bus - defined pathway for transfer of digital information
between different units.
To write data to memory or output device.
- p needs to send
. Address of memory location or port
address of
device.
. Data
. Write control signal
To read data from memory or Input device
- p needs to send
. Address and
. Read Control Signal
- Memory/device sends data.

Thus three pathways (buses) for 3 types of digital

information.
Address Bus - From p to devices
- Unidirectional.
Data Bus - From p to devices & devices to p
- Bidirectional
Control - From p to devices & from devices to p
[Interrupt, DMA]
- Bidirectional
Now let us redraw the computer organization diagram

Address
Bus
Control
Bus

I/O
Device

I/O
Device

Data Bus

I/O
Device

Memory

Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a complete computer system, including
a CPU, memory, a clock oscillator, and I/O on a single
integrated circuit chip. [1]

ANALOG
INPUTS

http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/ref_manual/M68HC05TB.pdf, p. 25

8051 MICROCONTROLLER
General Facilities
8 bit CPU
On chip clock oscillator
4 KB of ROM (Program memory)
128 bytes RAM (Data Memory)
21 Special Function Registers(SFR)
32 I/O lines (Ports P0 to P3)
64 KB address space for external data memory
64 KB address space for program memory

8051 MICROCONTROLLER
2- 16 bit timer/counter
5 source interrupt structure
Full duplex serial port
Bit addressability
Bit processing capability
MCS-51 compatible chips
8031 Romless version 4KB ROM not available
8751 EPROM version 4KB EPROM
8052- (8 KB ROM + 256 byte Data memory )

8051 MICROCONTROLLER

8051 MICROCONTROLLER
The 8051 was one of the very early
microcontrollers (~1980).

One of the early Arduino-like project was

based on the 8051, in the form of "8052
Basic" board.
Atmel, Mentor Graphics, Intel, Honeywell,
and Maxim (Dallas Semiconductor), and
may more have a variety of 8051 chips.

WHAT IS ARDUINO?
Introduced in 2005 as a project for students at the Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, Arduino is a single board
microcontroller.
An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with
complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation
into other circuits [2].
Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety
of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors,
and other actuators.
The boards can be assembled or purchased preassembled; the opensource IDE can be downloaded for free.
The Arduino programming language is very simple and follows C
like syntax.
Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with
software running on a computer (e.g. Processing).

WHY ARDUINO?
Other similar microcontrollers
platforms are: Parallax Basic Stamp,
Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's
Handyboard, and many more.
All these platforms have an easy-touse package.
Why
Arduino?
Arduino also simplifies the process of
working with
microcontrollers, but it offers some
advantage:

ADVANTAGES OF ARDUINO
1. Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively
inexpensive compared to other microcontroller
platforms.
2. Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on
Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating
systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited
to Windows.
3. Simple, clear programming environment The Arduino programming environment is easyto-use.
4. Open source and extensible software- The
Arduino software is published as open source
tools. The language can be expanded through C+

Features

8051

Modern
Microcontrollers

Execution Time

12 clock cycles/Instr.

1 clock cycle/Instr.

Architecture

Harvard

Harvard

Memory

Internal + External
(may compromise with
security)

Program memoryInternal Data memory

( Int+Ext)

Instruction Set
Architecture (ISA)

CISC

RISC

Port

With limited
functionality

Fully Functional

Timer

Simple

PWM, Complex
features

Intra Communication
Busses

Few

Master/Slave SPI Serial

Interface
Byte-oriented 2-wire
Serial Interface (I2C)

Operating Mode

Sleep

Sleep, Power Down,

Active

ADC

NIL

At least 6-channel 10bit ADC

THE GOOGLE TRENDS FOR ARDUINO RELATIVE TO OTHER

EMBEDDED TERMS

ATMEGA328 INTERNAL
ARCHITECTURE

ATmega328 data sheet pp.

http://www.adafruit.com/index.php?

ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER
Pin
name

Pin
number

Special
functio
n

Note the
limitations!
p. 316

Source:http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/product_card.asp?PN=ATmega328P

ATMEGA328 FEATURES

High Performance, Low Power AVR 8-Bit

Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture
131 Powerful Instructions Most Single
Clock Cycle Execution
32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System
Programmable Flash program memory
(ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM
http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-8271-8-bit-AVR-Microcontroller-ATmega48A-48PA-88A-88PA-168A-168PA-328-328

ATMEGA328 FEATURES
Peripheral Features
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters
One 16-bit Timer/Counter
Real Time Counter with Separate
Oscillator
Six PWM Channels
6-channel 10-bit ADC
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Special Microcontroller Features
Internal Calibrated Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt
Sources
Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise
Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,

ATMEGA328 FEATURES

I/O and Packages

23 Programmable I/O Lines
Operating Voltage:
1.8 - 5.5V for
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P
Temperature Range:
-40C to 85C
Speed Grade:
0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V
Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25C
for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P:
Active Mode: 0.2 mA
Power-down Mode: 0.1 A
Power-save Mode: 0.75 A

Instruction Set Summary

Instruction Set Summary

Instruction Set Summary

Instruction Set Summary

Absolute Maximums

ATmega328 data sheet p. 316

Microcontroller Ports and

Pins

The communication
channels through which
information flows into or
out of the microcontroller

Ex. PORTB
Pins PB0 PB7
May not be
contiguous
Often bi-directional

See next slides!

Port Pin Data Directionality

Input
When you want to take information from the
external world (sensors) into the MCU

Output
When you want to change the state of
something outside the MCU (turn a motor on
or off, etc.)

Pins default to input direction on power-up

or reset.
Your program can set or change the
directionality of a pin at any time

ATmega328
Block Diagram

Inpu
t
Outp
ut

Setting the Pin Data

Direction
Arduino
pinMode(pin_no., dir)
Ex. Make Arduino pin 3 (PD3) an output
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_D3, OUTPUT); // with me106.h

Note: one pin at a time

Suppose you wanted Arduino pins 3, 5, and
7 (PD3, PD5, and PD7) to be outputs?
Is there a way to make them all outputs at
the same time?

Pin Used as an Output

Turn on an LED, which is
connected to pin Arduino
pin 0 (PD0)
What should the data
direction be for pin 0
(PD0)?
pinMode(____, ____);

Turn on the LED

digitalWrite(0,HIGH);

Turn off the LED

digitalWrite(0,LOW);

ATmega328
Ardui
no
pin 0
(PD0)

Pin Used as an Output

Recall the question:
Is there a way change the data direction for a
set of pins all at the same time?

All the work of MCU happens through

registers (special memory locations)
Registers on the Atmega328 are 8-bits wide

The data direction register (DDRx) handles

the data directions for pins in PORTx

Source:http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/product_card.asp?PN=ATmega328P p. 93

Data Direction Register

If the bit is zero -> pin will be an input
Making a bit to be zero == clearing the bit

If the bit is one -> pin will be an output

Making a bit to be one == setting the bit

To change the data direction for a set of

pins belonging to PORTx at the same time:
1. Determine which bits need to be set and
cleared in DDRx
2. Store the binary number or its equivalent (in
an alternate base, such as hex) into DDRx

Example 1
Make Arduino pins 3, 5, and 7 (PD3, PD5,
and PD7) to be outputs
Arduino approach

pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
Or if me106.h is used:
pinMode(PIN_D3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_D5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_D7, OUTPUT);

DDRD = 0b10101000;
or

DDRD
Alternate
= 0xA8; approach

Example 2
Make pins Arduino pins 0 and 1 (PD0 and
PD1) inputs, and turn on the LEDs connected to
it.
Arduino approach

pinMode(0, INPUT);
pinMode(1, INPUT);
digitalWrite(0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(1, HIGH);
Or if me106.h is used:
pinMode(PIN_D0, INPUT);
pinMode(PIN_D1, INPUT);
digitalWrite(PIN_D0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(PIN_D1, HIGH);

DDRD = 0; // all PORTD pins

inputs
PORTD = 0b00000011;
or
= 0x03; approach
PORTD
Alternate

OFFICIAL BOARDS

Arduino Duemilanove
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDuemilanove
See the handout:
Arduino_ATmega328_pin_mapping_and_schematic

Pin 13
LED
USB
connect
or

Digital pins
header
Reset
button
ATmega328
MCU

Barrel
jack

Analog pins
header
Power-ground
header

http://arduino.cc/en/uploads/Main/ArduinoDuemilano
ve.jpg

Arduino Uno R3
ATmega16u2 replaces FT232RL for USB-serial comms

http://www.adafruit.com/index.php?
main_page=popup_image&pID=50

See: http://learn.adafruit.com/arduino-tips-tricks-andtechniques/arduino-uno-faq

Arduino
Due
Note: 3.3 V !!
Atmel SAM3X8E processor (32 bit ARM Cortex M3 architecture,
84MHz)

http://www.adafruit.com/index.php?
main_page=popup_image&pID=1076

See:
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDue

Arduino Duemilanove/Uno
Features
Microcontroller

ATmega168/328

Operating Voltage

5V

Input Voltage
(recommended)

7-12V

Input Voltage (limits)

6-20V

Digital I/O Pins

14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins

DC Current per I/O Pin

40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin

50 mA

Flash Memory

16 KB (ATmega168) or 32 KB (ATmega328) of
which 2 KB used by bootloader

SRAM

1 KB (ATmega168) or 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM

512 bytes (ATmega168) or 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed

16 MHz

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDuemilanov
e

About Arduino Programming

The Arduino Duemilanove can be programmed
with the Arduino software.
The
Arduino
integrated
development
environment (IDE) is written in Java, and is
derived from the IDE for the Processing
programming language.
It includes a code editor with features such as
syntax highlighting, brace matching, and
automatic indentation, and is also capable of
compiling and uploading programs to the
board with a single click. A program or code
written for Arduino is called a "sketch".[3]

Getting Started w/ Arduino on Windows

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Get an Arduino board and USB cable

Download the Arduino environment
Connect the board with PC
Install the drivers
Launch the Arduino application
Open the blink example
Select your board like UNO etc.
Select your serial port
Upload the program

Arduino Programming Interface

Sample Program of LED BLINK

An arduino program ==
sketch
Must have:
setup()
loop()

setup()
configures pin modes and
registers

loop()
runs the main body of the
program forever
like while(1) {}

Where is main() ?
Arduino simplifies things
Does things for you

/* Blink - turns on an LED for DELAY_ON msec,

then off for DELAY_OFF msec, and repeats
BJ Furman rev. 1.1 Last rev: 22JAN2011
*/
#define LED_PIN 13 // LED on digital pin 13
#define DELAY_ON 1000
#define DELAY_OFF 1000
void setup()
{
// initialize the digital pin as an output:
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
// loop() method runs forever,
// as long as the Arduino has power
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(DELAY_ON); // wait for DELAY_ON msec
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(DELAY_OFF); // wait for DELAY_OFF msec
}

Structure of an Arduino Program

in C language

main()
{
init();
setup();
while (1)
loop();
}

/* Blink - turns on an LED for DELAY_ON msec,

then off for DELAY_OFF msec, and repeats
BJ Furman rev. 1.1 Last rev: 22JAN2011
*/
#define LED_PIN 13 // LED on digital pin 13
#define DELAY_ON 1000
#define DELAY_OFF 1000
void setup()
{
// initialize the digital pin as an output:
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
// loop() method runs forever,
// as long as the Arduino has power
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(DELAY_ON); // wait for DELAY_ON msec
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(DELAY_OFF); // wait for DELAY_OFF msec
}

Various Components

Projects Using Arduino

1. Line follower/Path follower
2. Obstacles Avoider
3. Automatic car parking
4. Driverless car
5. Quad copter
6. Water-level detection in soil
7. Surveillance System
8. Dancing/ Funny Robot
9. Smart phone Garage Door Opener
10.Intrusion alarm
11.Thermostat
12.Balance multirotor motor using arduino & acceleromter
13.Email notifier
14.LED Matrix Control
15.Maze Solver Robot

REFERENCES
1.

http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/ref_manual/M68HC0
5TB.pdf
, p. 25

2.

Arduino, Avalable at http://www.arduino.cc, 2010.

3.

"Programming Arduino Getting Started with Sketches :

http://www.amazon.com/Programming-Arduino-Getting-StartedSketches/dp/0071784225/ref=sr_1_1?
s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1364494138&sr=11&keywords=arduino+sketches). McGraw-Hill. Nov 8, 2011. Retrieved
2013-03-28.

4.

C. L. Dym, A. M. Agogino, D. D. Frey, and L. J. Leifer, Engineering

design thinking, teaching, and learning, Journal of Engineering
Education, vol. 94, pp. 103120, 2005. [Online]. Available:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.72.1593

5.

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/product_card.asp?PN=ATmega328

6.

J. Provost, Why the arduino won and why its here to stay, Tech.Rep.

7.

http://learn.adafruit.com/arduino-tips-tricks-and-techniques/arduino-unofaq

Thank
You.