CNC Machines

What is a CNC Machine?

CNC : Computerised Numerical Control
Conventionally, an operator decides and
adjusts various machines parameters like
feed , depth of cut etc depending on type
of job , and controls the slide movements
by hand. In a CNC Machine functions and
slide movements are controlled by motors
using computer programs.

Definition of Numerical Control

M/C
E.I.A : -(Electronic Ind. Association) defines NC
Control as
A system in which actions are controlled by
direct insertion of numerical data or at least
some portion of this data. In simpler language
NC means control by number. The input
information's for controlling the machine tool
motions is provided through punched paper
tape or Magnetic tapes in a coded language.
E.I.A
ISO
ASCII

-Electronic Ind. Association.

-International standard Organization.
-American standard code for

CNC :-Computerised Numerical Control

Computerised Numerical Control is a
numerical control system that utilizes a
dedicated stored programmed. Computer is
used to perform some or all basic function.
Numerical control is a programmable
automation in which process is controlled by
Numbers, Letters, and symbols. (Computer
+NC= CNC).
Some of the typical function of CNC M/C are: Machine Tool Control.
In Process Compensation.
Graphics.
Diagnostics.
Number
of
CNC
M/C
Axis
:

DNC :- Direct Numerical

Control.
Direct Numerical Control is a
manufacturing system in which
number of M/C are controlled by a
computer through direct
connection and in real time. One
computer can be used to control
100 separate machines and it is
designed to provide instructions to
each M/C tool on demand.

Benefits of DNC
1. NC. Without punched tapes.
2. Greater computation & Flexibility.
3. Convenient storage of NC Part Programme in
computer file. (General format of Programme as
C.L. file.)

4. Data collection function like shop floor Control

etc.(Processing & Reporting of shop performance.)
5. Direct conversion of data from CAD to NC
Programme.
6. Increases Productivity.
7. Save time.
8. Post Processing.

CNC MachinesAdvantages/Disadvantages

Advantages:
High Repeatability and Precision e.g. Aircraft parts
Volume of production is very high
Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined.
E.g. Turbines
Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings,
less scrap
More safe, higher productivity, better quality
Less paper work, faster prototype production,
reduction in lead times
Disadvantages:
Costly setup, skilled operators
Computers, programming knowledge required
Maintenance is difficult

 Repetation of batches-------------------------Often.
Complexity of the operation Carried out-High.
Number of operation per Component-----Many.
Time lag between operation ------------------ Low.
Ratio of cutting time to non cutting time --Low.
Variety of Components to be produced ---More.
Design changes-----------------------------------Frequent.
Non uniform cutting conditions -------------Required.
Cost of special tooling involved--------------High.
Skill required by the operator ---------------High.

MACHINE TYPES
1. Group 1: -M/C Tools with rotating tool i.e. Milling
M/C, Drilling M/C, Boring M/C , Tapping M/C
2. Group 2: -M/C Tool with Rotating work piece i.e.
Lathe.
3. Group 3: -Non Rotating work Piece and non
rotating tool i.e. Shaper, Planer, EDM, Wire cut.
4. Group: -Other than above Z Categories i.e. NC
Drafting.

Classification of Controllers
1. Point to Point type (P-Type)
A. )Only Positioning.
B.) No Control over Feed speed.
C.) Semi Automatic Drilling M/C Spot Welding M/C etc.
2. Position Control (2PL)
3. 2L/3L Controllers.
4. Continuous Control (C-Type Controllers)
A.) 2CLa.) 2 Axis Controllers.
b.) Simultaneous Control of two Axis + Feed control of
one Axis.
c.) Can make 2-D Fig. Like Circle, Arc Ellipse.
B.) 3C
a.) 3 Axis Simultaneous
b.) Can do interpolation in 3 Dimensions
C.) Can Produce Sphere

Motion and coordinate system for NC machine

Z-axis: Always aligned with the spindle that imparts cutting power. This
spindle might rotate the work-piece as in a lathe, it might rotate a tool as in
a milling machine. It is perpendicular to work-holding surface if there is no
such spindle. Positive motion in z axis tends to increase the separation
between the work-piece and the tool
X axis: Positioning the moving element, parallel to the work-holding
surface, horizontal (if possible). On machines with rotating work-pieces, it
is radial and parallel to the cross-slide On machines with rotating tools,
1.If the Z-axis is horizontal, the positive x motion is to the right when
looking from the spindle to the work-piece.
2. If the z axis in vertical, the positive x axis is to the right when looking
from the spindle to the column On machines with non-rotating workpieces and non-rotating tools, the x axis is parallel to and directed toward
the principal cutting direction
Y-axis: be in such a direction as to complete a right-handed Cartesian
coordinate system

What , if you have Multi spindle M/C

Select principle spindle as Primary Z axis and
other slides/quills are termed as secondary tertiary
motion axis.
Axis

Rotator Axis
A,B,C

Principal:
Second:
Tertiary:

X,Y,Z
U,V,W
P,Q,R

Fanuc used: - U,V,W to designates Incremental

Movement in X,Y,Z direction. X,Y,Z is used to
designates Absolutes Motion.

Axes convention

Axes convention
The tool can be moved to any position in a 3 dimensional cartesian
co-ordinate system.
The Z axis is along the spindle axis. The X and Y axes are
perpendicular to Z.
VMC (Vertical Machining Center)

HMC (Horizontal Machining Center)

Open Loop Control System

A Control system in which the final output value is not directly
measured and checked against the desired value is know as open
loop control system.
In open loop control system, there is no feedback device to
measure the actual position of tool slide or work table. Hence it
can not be compared & verified with Positional value given in
command.
Closed Loop Control System
A control system in which the displacement of machine slide is
balanced signal received from feed back devices is known as
closed loop control system. There are two input signals to drive a
motor. One is command signal due to which the servo motor is
driven. As soon as the displacement takes another signal is
generated by the position sensor known as transducer to know
that whether the position has-been achieved or not. This actual
position signal is feed to the comparator device, which compares
it with command signal and produces an electrical signal
proportional to the difference between the two. This signal is feed
to the servo motor through an amplifier to move the machine
slide in a direction to reduce the difference. This loop is followed

Open-loop Control
Stepper motor is used, having a predefined amount of revolution.
Current pulses are send from MCU to individual motors.
Movement/rotation depends on number of pulses send.
Advantages:
Position is maintained just by keeping track of number of revolutions.
Can produce a movement of 1/1000th of an inch, for a single pulse.
Cheap and less complex.
Easy to maintain.
Drawback:
Assumption: Motor movement is precise, i.e. motor is moving the exact
amount depending on the number of pulses.
No way to correct errors, because no feedback.
This control is not suitable for large machines requiring greater power
because of limitation of stepper motor to generate high torque.

Closed-loop Control
Direct current (DC) motors are used.
Can generate high levels of torque.
Can be reversed.
Unlike stepper motors, it cannot achieve very precise
movement.
Separate positions sensors are required.
Position information is fed back as a signal to the controller.
Major advantage: because of feed back and servo motors
Types of NC control systems reversible feature, errors can
be corrected, by comparing with target position.
Thus formed a closed loop.
Higher accuracy than open loop systems because of feed
back.
Applications:
Larger NC machines because of higher loads.
For greater accuracy, any kind of load.
Expensive and complex.

What the Programmer has to do to make Part

Programming
1. Study the relevant component drawing thoroughly.
2. Identify the type of material to be machined.
3. Determine the specifications & function of M/C to be used.
4. Decide the dimension and mode: -metric or inch.
5. Decide the coordinate system: -Absolute or Incremental.
6. Identify the plane of cutting.
7. Determine the cutting parameters for the job/tool combination.
8. Decide the feed rate programming: -MM/MIN or M/Rev.
9. Check the tooling required.
10.Establish the sequence of machining operations.
11.Identify whether use of special features like Subroutines, Mirror, Imaging
etc. is required or not.
12.Decide the mode of storing the part program once it is completed.

ComponentProducing
production
Type Machining
Form
Planning
of
in Machining
which
Process
stock
Work
Speeds
type
Required
Operation
material
(Machine
CNC
holding
and
Program
Machining
feeds
isand
schedule
Setting)
supplied
location
Proving
program
and time estimation

Coordinates System
Incremental Coordinate System

Absolute Coordinate System

Absolute and Incremental co-ordinates

In the absolute programming, the end point of a motion is
programmed with reference to the program zero point.
In incremental programming, the end point is specified with
reference to the current tool position.
Absolute traverse to N1, then to N2
X20.0 Z50.0
X50.0 Z30.0
Absolute traverse to N1, incremental to N2
X20.0 Z50.0
U30.0 W-20.0

A X2.000 Y2.000
B X1.000 Y-2.000

G90 ABSOLUTE POSITION COMMAND

When using a G90 absolute position command, each
dimension or move is referenced from a fixed point, known as
ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero). Absolute zero is usually set at
the corner edge of a part, or at the center of a square or
round part, or an existing bore.
ABSOLUTE ZERO is where the dimensions of a part
program are defined from. Absolute dimensions are
referenced from a known point on the part, and can be any
point the operator chooses, such as the upper-left corner,
center of a round part, or an existing bore.
G91 INCREMENTAL POSITION COMMAND
This code is modal and changes the way axis motion
commands are interpreted. G91 makes all subsequent
commands incremental.

What is the value in X and Y for each hole in absolute G90 positioning when each move
is defined from a single fixed part zero point of an X0 Y0 origin point.
PT1 = X______ Y______
PT2 = X______ Y______
PT3 = X______ Y______
PT4 = X______ Y______
From PT8 to PT9 = X______
PT5 = X______ Y______
From PT9 to PT10 = X______
PT6 = X______ Y______
PT7 = X______ Y______
From PT10 to PT11 = X______
PT8 = X______ Y______
From PT11 to PT12 = X______

Y______
Y______
Y______
Y______
From PT12 to PT13 = X______ Y______
From PT13 to PT14 = X______ Y______
What is the value for each hole in INCREMENTAL G91 positioning when each move
is defined from the previous position and the zero point shifts with the new position.

Fixed zero V/S Floting zero

Fixed zero: -Origin is always located at some
position on M/C table (usually at south west
corner/Lower left-hand) of the tables & all tool
location are defined W.R.T. this zero
Floting Zero: Very common with CNC M/C used now a days.
Operator gas lobeity to set zero point at any
convenient position on M/C table
The Coordinate system is knows as work
coordinate system (WCS)

Part Programme
The coded instructions or commands listed in a logical sequence to have a
machine tool perform a specific tasks or a series of tasks in order to produce a
finished product in the minimum amount of time.
Programming Format
% Programme Number.
N Sequence Number (Block Identification Number).
G Preparatory functions (G00 to G99). This prepares the M/C for next
operation.
X,Y,Z Primary motion Dimension in the X,Y,Z direction respectively.
U,V,W Secondary motion Dimension in the X,Y,Z direction respectively.
P,Q,R Tertiary motion Dimension in the X,Y,Z direction respectively.
I,J,K
Distance to the are center or thread leads parallel to X,Y,Z respectively.
A,B,C Angular Dimension around in the X,Y,Z direction respectively.
R Parameters.
F Feedrate.
S Spindle Speed/Cutting Speed.
T/D Tool number.
M Miscellaneous function (Machine Codes)
EOB End of Block.

PART PROGRAMMING FOR CNC

The transfer of an engineering blueprint of a product to a part program
can be performed manually using a calculator or with the assistance of a
computer language. A part programmer must have an extensive
knowledge of the machining processes and the capabilities of the machine
tools . In this section, we describe how the part programmers execute
manually the part programs.
First, the machining parameters are determined . Second, the optimal
sequence of operations is evaluated . Third, the tool path is calculated .
Fourth, a program is written. Each line of the program, referred to as a
block, contains the required data for transfer from one point to the next.
A typical line for a program is given below.
N100 G91 X -5.0 Y7 .0 F100 S200 T01 M03 (EOB)

DEFINITIONS WITHIN THE FORMAT

1. CHARACTER : A single alphanumeric character value or the "+" and "-" sign.
2. WORD : A series of characters defining a single function such as a, "X"
displacement, an "F" feedrate, or G and M codes. A letter is the first character
of a word for each of the different commands. There may be a distance and
direction defined for a word in a program. The distance and direction in a word
is made up of a value, with a plus (+) or minus (-) sign. A plus (+) value is
recognized if no sign is given in a word.
3. BLOCK : Series of words defining a single instruction. An instruction may consist
of a single linear motion, a circular motion or canned cycle, plus additional
information such as a feedrate or miscellaneous command (M-codes).
4. POSITIVE SIGNS : If the value following an address letter command such as A,
B, C, I, J, K, R, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, is positive, the plus sign need not be
programmed in. If it has a minus value it must be programmed in with a minus
(-) sign.
5. LEADING ZERO'S : If the digits proceeding a number are zero, they need not
be programmed in. The control will automatically enter in the leading zero's.
EXAMPLE: G0 for G00 and M1 for M01, Trailing zeros must be programmed: M30
not M3, G70 not G7.

6. MODAL COMMANDS : Codes that are active for more than the line in which they
are issued are called MODAL commands. Rapid traverse, feedrate moves, and
canned cycles are all examples of modal commands. A NON-MODAL command which
once called, are effective only in the calling block, and are then immediately forgotten
by the control.
7. PREPARATORY FUNCTIONS : "G" codes use the information contained on the line
to make the machine tool do specific operations, such as :
1.) Move the tool at rapid traverse.
2.) Move the tool at a feedrate along a straight line.
3.) Move the tool along an arc at a feedrate in a clockwise direction.
4.) Move the tool along an arc at a feedrate in a counterclockwise direction.
5.) Move the tool through a series of repetitive operations controlled by "fixed cycles"
such as, spot drilling, drilling, boring, and tapping.
8. MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS : "M" codes are effective or cause an action to
occur at the end of the block, and only one M code is allowed in each block of a
program.
9. SEQUENCE NUMBERS : N1 thru N99999 in a program are only used to locate and
identify a line or block and its relative position within a CNC program. A program can
be with or without SEQUENCE NUMBERS. The only function of SEQUENCE
NUMBERS is to locate a certain block or line within a CNC program.

Programming Key Letters

O - Program number (Used for program identification)

N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
G - Preparatory function
X - X axis designation
Y - Y axis designation
Z - Z axis designation
R - Radius designation
F Feed rate designation
S - Spindle speed designation
H - Tool length offset designation
D - Tool radius offset designation
T - Tool Designation
M - Miscellaneous function

List of G-codes
G-code
Function
G00
Positioning rapid traverse
G01
Linear interpolation (feed)
G02
Circular interpolation CW
G03
Circular interpolation CCW
G04
Dwell
G20
Inch unit
G21
Metric unit
G28
Automatic zero return
G40
Tool nose radius compensation cancel
G41
Tool nose radius compensation left
G42
Tool nose radius compensation right
G43
Tool length compensation
G54
Work co-ordinate system 1 selection
G55
Work co-ordinate system 2 selection
G56
Work co-ordinate system 3 selection
G57
Work co-ordinate system 4 selection
G58
Work co-ordinate system 5 selection
G59
Work co-ordinate system 6 selection

G80
G81
G82
G83
G84
G85
G86
G87
G90
G91
G94
G95
G98
G99

Canned cycle cancel

Drilling cycle
Drilling cycle with dwell
Peck drilling cycle / deep drill
Tapping cycle
Boring / Reaming cycle
Boring cycle
Back boring cycle
Absolute command
Incremental command
Feed per minute
Feed per revolution
Return to initial point in canned cycle
Return to R point in canned cycle

List of M codes
M codes vary from machine to machine depending on the functions
available on it. They are decided by the manufacturer of the
machine. The M codes listed below are the common ones.
M-codes Function
M00
Optional program stop automatic
M01
Optional program stop request
M02
Program end
M03
Spindle ON clock wise (CW)
M04
Spindle ON counter clock wise (CCW)
M05
Spindle stop
M06
Tool change
M07
Mist coolant ON (coolant 1 ON)
M08
Flood coolant ON (coolant 2 ON)
M09
Coolant OFF
M30
End of program, Reset to start
M98
Sub program call
M99
Sub program end

History of CNC
The word address format
Each line of program == 1 block
Each block is composed of several instructions, or (words)
Sequence and format of words:
N3 G2
F3.2
S4

X+1.4 Y+1.4
T4 M2

Z+1.4

I1.4

J1.4

dist to center of circle

sequence no destination coordinates
preparatory function

K1.4

tool

feed ratespindle speed

miscellaneous function

ABSOLUTE PRESET G92

USED TO SHOW CURRENT TOOL POSTION W.R.T.
ZERO AT THE TIME OF STARTING M/C.
ONCE THE CUTTER POSITION IS DEFINED USING
G92 M/C WILL DRAW ITS CO-ORDINET SYSTEM
ONCE G92 IS DEFINED THEN THERE IS NO NEED
TO DEFINE G90
IT IS MODEL
FORMAT
G92 X__ Y__ Z__
(CURRENT TOOL
POSITION W.R.T ZERO OF JOB)

REFERENCE POINT AND RETURN

G28 Return To Reference Point, set optional intermediate point
The G28 code is used to return to the machine zero position on all
axes. If an X, Y, Z, or A axis is on the same block and specifies a
location, only those axes will move and return to the machines zero
reference point and the movement to the machines zero reference
point will be through that specified location.
Format: -G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;

Setting work co-ordinate system

(G54 - G59)
G54 Work co-ordinate system 1
selection
G55 Work co-ordinate system 2
selection
G56 Work co-ordinate system 3
selection
G57 Work co-ordinate system 4
selection
G58 Work co-ordinate system 5
selection
G59 Work co-ordinate system 6
selection
G54 X_ Y_ Z_

G00 Rapid traverse

When the tool being positioned at a point preparatory to a
cutting motion, to save time it is moved along a straight line at
Rapid traverse, at a fixed traverse rate which is preprogrammed into the machine's control system. Typical rapid
traverse rates are 10 to 25 m /min., but can be as high as 80
m/min.
Format
N_ G00 X__ Y__Z__

G01 Linear interpolation (feed traverse)

The tool moves along a straight line in one or two axis simultaneously at
a programmed linear speed, the feed rate.
Format
N__ G01 X__ Y__Z__ F__

G02/03 Circular interpolation

Format
N__ G02/03 X__ Y__Z__ I__ J__K__ F__ using the arc center
OR
N__ G02/03 X__ Y__Z__ R__ F__ using the arc radius
G02 moves along a CW arc
G03 moves along a CCW arc
Arc center
The arc center is specified by addresses I, J and K. I, J and K
are the X, Y and Z co-ordinates of the arc center with
reference to the arc start point.

I = X coord. of center - X coord. of

start point
J = Y coord. of center - Y coord. of
start point
K = Z coord. of center - Z coord. of

Arc radius
The radius is specified with address R.

Block format
N__ G02 X__Y__ Z__ R__ F__
N__ G03 X__Y__ Z__ R__ F__

DWELL COMMAND
G04 Dwell
Format G04X_; or G04F_; or G04P_;
X: Specified time(decimal point is permitted)
F: Specified time(decimal point is permitted)
P: Specified time(decimal point is unpermitted)
Explanation G04 command dwell. The execution of the
next block is delayed by the specified time, specify dwell for
each rotation in feed per rotation mode. Dwell is use to stop
feed for specified period of time.
G04 X15 ,G04 F15, G04 P15000
Here M/C will Dwell for 15 second. The function Not modal. It
can be used in Boring, Making CAM Profile, at these point
dwell is required.

G15/G16 Commands of polar

coordinate
The value can be inputted in the form of
the polar coordinates (radius and angle )
The angle is position when the first axis
of the selected plane is anticlockwise,
and negative when it is clockwise.
G16 Start the command of polar
coordinates (polar coordinates mode)
G15 Cancel the order of polar coordinate.

G17/G18/G19 Selection of planes

Use the parameters to appoint the
circumrotate axis is X Y or Z ,or the axis that
parallel to these axis , specify the G code to
select the plane , to this plane , the
circumrotate axis is the appointed line axis.
For example, when the circumrotate axis is
the axis that parallel to the X axis ,G17 should
specify the plane of X and Y, and only
circumrotate axis one can be set.
When we omit the address of the axis of X Y
and Z , we consider the third axiss address is
omitted

Inch/metric command change; G20, G21

G20/G21;
G20 : Inch command
G21 : Metric command
G20 and G21 selection is meaningful only for
linear axes and it is meaningless for rotary axes.
The input unit for G20 and G21 will not change
just by changing the command unit.
In other words, if the machining program
command unit changes to an inch unit at G20
when the initial inch is OFF, the setting unit of
the tool offset amount will remain metric. Thus,
take note to the
setting value.

Cutter radius compensation (CRC)

G40 Tool nose radius compensation Cancel
G41 Tool nose radius compensation Left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation Right
Format: G41 X_ Y_D_
G42 X_ Y_D_

SUBROUTINE
A subprogram is a separate program called up by another
program. The use of subprograms can significantly reduce the
amount of programming on some parts. Subroutines allow the
CNC programmer to define a series of commands which might
be repeated several times in a program and, instead of repeating
them many times, they can be called up when needed. A
subroutine call is done with M98 and a Pnnnn. The P code
command identifies the O program number being used when
executed with M98
M99: -An M99 ends a sub-program and returns back to the next
line in the main program after the M98 sub-program call.

Tool length compensation (G43)

Different tools of different lengths are used in machining any part. The
lengths of the tools are not considered in the part program. They are entered
in the machines memory, and are considered automatically for each motion
in the program depending on the tool that is being used. The tool lengths in
the Z direction are called the Tool length offsets.
Codes Function
G43
Make the value of the cutters offset add to the value of Z
coordinates of the program G44
Make the value of the cutters offset
subtract the value of Z coordinates of the Program G49
Cancel the offset
of the length of the cutter
Format: G43 Z_ H_
G44 Z_ H_
G49 Z_

Canned cycles
Canned or fixed cycles are programming aids that simplify
programming. Canned cycles combine many programming
operations and are designed to shorten the program length,
minimize mathematical calculations, and use minimal tool motions.
Examples : drilling, peck drilling, tapping, boring, back spot facing.
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Drilling cycle with dwell (Counter bore cycle)
G83 Peck drilling cycle / deep drill
G84 Right hand tapping cycle
G85 Boring / Reaming cycle
G86 Boring cycle
G87 Back boring cycle
G74 Left hand tapping cycle
G76 Fine boring cycle
G98/G99 plane of return point
When the tool gets to the bottom of the hole, it can return back to
the plane of R point and the initialized plane initialized by G98/G99.
Generally speaking, G99 is used in the first drilling plane while G98
is used in the last drilling, even though we use G99 to drill, the
plane of the initialized position would keep the same.

G81 X_Y_Z_R_F_K_
X_ Y_: Data of hole site
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time absolute
coordinate
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

G82 X_Y_Z_R_P_F_K_
X_ Y_: Data of hole site
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time (absolute coordinate
P_: Pause time (unit ms)
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

G83 X_Y_Z_R_Q_F_K_
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time (absolute coordinate
Q_: Offset of hole bottom
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

G84 X_Y_Z_R_P_F_K_ operation manual FANUC milling programming

X_ Y_: Data of hole site
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time absolute coordinate
P_: Pause time (unit ms)
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

G85 X_Y_Z_R_F_K_
X_ Y_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time absolute coordinate
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

G86 X_Y_Z_R_F_K_
X_ Y_: Data of hole site
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time absolute coordinate
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

G87 X_Y_Z_R_Q_P_F_K_
X_ Y: Data of hole site
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time absolute coordinate
Q_: Offset of hole bottom
P_: Pause time (unit ms)
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

G88
Fixed point dring cycle (G88)
Format G88 X_Y_Z_R_P_F_K_;
X_ Y_: Data of hole site
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time absolute coordinate
P_: Pause time (unit ms)
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

G88 Pause when feeding to bottom

and spindle stops then withdraw
quickly

G89
Boring cycle(G89)
Format
G89 X_Y_Z_R_P_F_K_
X_ Y_: Data of hole site
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time absolute coordinate
P_: Pause time (unit ms)
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

G89 Pause when feeding to bottom and

spindle stops then withdraw quickly
Example
N005 G80 G90 G0 X0 Y0 M06 T1 change the boring cutter of 20
N010 G55 call workpiece coordinate of G55
N020 M03 S1000
N030 G43 H1 Z50 call length compensation
N040 G89 Z-30 R1 P2000 F200 boring cycle
N050 G80 G0 Z50 cancel fixed circle
N060 M05
N070 M30

G73
Rapid depth drill circle(G73)
Format G73 X__Y__Z__R__Q__ F__K__
X_ Y_: Data of hole site
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time absolute coordinate
Q_: Depth of cutting per time no symbol, increment
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

G74 X__Y__Z__R__ P__F__K__

X_ Y_: Data of hole site
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time absolute coordinate
P_: Depth of cutting per time no symbol, increment
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

Fine boring cycle (G76)

G76 X__Y__Z__R__Q__P__F__K__
Z_: Depth of the bottom of hole(absolute coordinate
R_: Starting point or raising point per time absolute coordinate
Q_: Offset of hole bottom
P_: Pause time (unit ms)
F_: Feeding rate of cutting
K_: Number of replication (if necessary)

CIRCULAR POCKET MILLING

There are two G codes, G12 and G13 that will provide for pocket milling of a circular
shape. They're different only in which direction of rotation is used. G12 and G13 are
non-modal.
G12 Circular Pocket Milling Clockwise
X
Position in X axis to center of circular pocket
Y
Position in Y axis to center of circular pocket
Z Z depth of cut, or it's the increment depth of cuts when used with G91
I
Radius Of First Circle (Or it's the finish radius if K is not used)
K
Radius Of Finished Circle (If specified)
Q Radius cut increment step-over of the spiral out (Q is used with K only)
L Loop count for repeating incremental depth of cuts (L is used with G91)
D* Cutter Comp. Offset Number (Enter cutter size in offset display register)
F Feed Rate in inches (mm) per minute
This G12 code implies the use of G42 cutter compensation right
G13 Circular Pocket Milling Counterclockwise
This G13 code implies the use of G41 cutter compensation left and will be
machining in a counterclockwise direction, but is otherwise the same as G12.
G13 is usually preffered instead of G12, since G13 will be climb cutting when used
with a standard right handed tool.