Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview
What is Distillation?
Types of Distillation
Applications of Distillation
How is the Distillation important to
Petrotrin?
Different types of Distillation
processes Summary
Questions and Answers
What is Distillation?
Separating the components in a
liquid mixture by continuous
evaporation and condensation
Separation is based on differences in
the volatility of the components
within the mixture i.e. differences in
the boiling points of the components
Applications of Distillation
Importance to Refinery
Splitting of light and heavy naphtha with
benzene precursors specifications
Heavy naphtha must contain < 2wt% total of
precursors
LPG production
Benzene saturation
Isomerate contains <0.01wt% benzene
Feed Classification
Mainly C5/C6 material (basestock)
C4- material would go through unaffected
C7+ material would be hydro-cracked
producing light ends thus reducing yields
Unit Overview
PENEX Unit
PENEX throughput is 7400 BPD
Hydro-treated naphtha (low octane) combines
with recycle Isomerate (final product) & go
through the Feed Driers to remove moisture
Make-up H2 goes to Make-up Compressor and
then to the Chloride Treaters & Gas Driers
Dried Feed & H2 combine and heated with
Reactor Effluent and steam
Chloride promoter is injected and stream
enters PENEX Reactors
PENEX Unit
PENEX Reactors consist fixed bed catalyst (I8 catalyst) and a sulphur guard bed
Operating Conditions: 450psig/260F
Only Reactor A in use while Reactor B acts as
a spare/backup
Reactor effluent goes to Stabiliser Column to
remove light ends (due to hydro-cracking)
and hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) produced
Stabiliser Bottoms is Isomerate (high octane
gasoline)
PENEX Unit
Off-gas is rich in HCl and goes to the
Net Gas Scrubber which utilises NaOH
for treating
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Any H2S formed is also removed
H2S + 2NaOH Na2S + 2H2O
Treated Off-gas goes to the Refinerys
Fuel Gas System
PENEX Unit
PENEX Unit
Critical Reactions:
(1) Paraffin Isomerisation
(a) Normal Hexane (RON = 24.8)
3-Methyl Pentane (RON = 74.5)
2,2-Dimethyl Butane (RON = 91.8)
(b) Normal Pentane (RON = 61.8)
Iso-Pentane (RON = 93.0)
PENEX Unit
(2) Naphthene Ring Opening three (3)
important naphthenes which are
converted to paraffins are:
Cyclopentane (CP)
Methyl Cyclopentane (MCP)
Cyclohexane (CH)
PENEX Unit
(3) Naphthene Isomerisation the MCP
& CH exist in equilibrium. MCP production
increases as the temperature increases:
CH (RON = 84.0) MCP (RON = 89.3)
(4) Benzene Saturation benzene is
saturated to CH (exothermic reaction). Hence
the limit on the feed is 5% benzene by
volume.
BENZENE + 3H2 CH
Catalyst Management
Removal of PENEX catalyst
contaminants (sulphur, nitrogen,
metals and water) in the Hydrotreating section
These contaminants deactivate the
active sites of the catalyst permanently
As the catalyst deactivates, the reactor
inlet temperature must be increased to
maintain product octane
Catalyst Management
The addition of perchloroethylene to
the process stream is to maintain acid
function of the catalyst
It decomposes to hydrogen chloride
(HCl) in the present of the I-8
catalyst
C2Cl4 + 5H2 4HCl + C2H6
Summary
Isomerisation results in higher octane gasoline
used for pool blending
Total benzene saturation is achieved
Isomerisation complex consists of three
sections:
Fractionation splitting of light and heavy
naphtha
Hydro-treating removal of PENEX catalyst
poisons
PENEX production of higher octane gasoline
End of Presentation
Thank you!!
Questions/Comments?