WEEK #2

Prepared by :

Nani Kurniati, MT

Nani Kurniati, MT

RI 1351 / Gasal 0809

Content

Describing variation

Important continuous distribution

Probability plot

Inference process quality

Sampling distribution

Inference for single sample

Inference for two sample

Inference for more than two population

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Stem-and-Leaf Display

Easy to find percentiles of the data; see page 43

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Plot of Data in Time Order dot plot

Marginal plot
produced by
MINITAB

Also called a run chart

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RI 1351 / Gasal 0809

Histograms Useful for large data sets

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Table 2.3

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surface finish defect in painted automotive hoods

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Numerical Summary of Data

Sample average

Sample variance

Sample standard deviation

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RI 1351 / Gasal 0809

The Box Plot

(or Box-and-Whisker Plot)

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Comparative Box Plots

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Probability Distributions

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Sometimes called a
probability mass function

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Sometimes called a
probability density function

Will see many examples in the text

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Characteristics probability distribution

Mean

variance

Standard deviation

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Standard normal distribution

Original normal
distribution

Standard normal
distribution

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Example

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Example

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Practical interpretation the sum of independent random

variables is approximately normally distributed regardless of
the distribution of each individual random variable in the sum
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Determining if a sample of data might reasonably be

assumed to come from a specific distribution

Probability plots are available for various distributions

Easy to construct with computer software (MINITAB)

Subjective interpretation

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Normal Probability Plot

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Other Probability Plots

What is a reasonable choice as a probability model for

these data?

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Inference process quality

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t Distribution

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F Distribution

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Point Estimation

Table c4
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Alternative
Hypothesis

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Null
Hypothesis

In this example, H1 is a two-sided alternative hypothesis

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RI 1351 / Gasal 0809

Inference for single sample

Variance known

In some situations we may wish to reject Ho

only if the true mean is larger than o

Thus, the one-sided alternative hypothesis is H1:

>o, and we would reject Ho: =o only if Zo>Z

If rejection is desired only when <o

Then the alternative hypothesis is H1: <o, and we

reject Ho only if Zo<Z
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Example

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P value

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Unkonwn variance

For the two-sided alternative hypothesis, reject H0 if |t0| > t/2,n-1, where t/2,n1, is the upper /2 percentage of the t distribution with n 1 degrees of
freedom
For the one-sided alternative hypotheses,
If H1: 1 > 0, reject H0 if t0 > t,n 1, and
If H1: 1 < 0, reject H0 if t0 < t,n 1
One could also compute the P-value for a t-test

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