Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SPECTROSCOPY
L. P. MIRAH KUSUMA DEWI, S.F., M.Sc., Apt
Jurusan Farmasi F MIPA
Universitas Udayana
Page 1
high
high
X-RAY
Energy
INFRARED MICROWAVE
ULTRAVIOLET
Vibrational
infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet
2.5 m
200 nm
400 nm
BLUE
short
low
low
15 m
RADIO
Nuclear
magnetic
resonance
1m
800 nm
RED
Wavelength ( )
FREQUENCY
long
5m
Frequency, in Hz
~1019
~1017
~1015
~1013
~1010
~105
0.01 cm
100 m
~10-4
~10-6
Wavelength,
~.0001 nm
~0.01 nm
10 nm
1000 nm
Energy (kcal/mol)
> 300
-rays
nuclear
excitation
(PET)
X-rays
core
electron
excitation
(X-ray
cryst.)
300-30
300-30
UV
electronic
excitation
( to *)
IR
molecular
vibration
Visible
Microwave
molecular
rotation
Radio
Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance NMR
(MRI)
Page 4
ENERGY TRANSITIONS
X-ray
UV/Visible
Infrared
Microwave
Bond-breaking
Electronic
Vibrational
Rotational
Radio Frequency
Nuclear and
Electronic Spin
(NMR)
E = h
Page 6
IR Spectroscopy
5.
c
___
=
6.
7.
hc
___
E = h =
c = 3 x 1010 cm/s
Amplitude, A, describes the wave height, or strength of the oscillation
Because the atomic particles in matter also exhibit wave and particle
properties (though opposite in how much) EM radiation can interact with
matter in two ways:
Page 7
Wavelength vs Wavenumbers
IR Spectroscopy Process
1. The quantum mechanical energy levels observed in IR
spectroscopy are those of molecular vibration
2. We perceive this vibration as heat
3. When we say a covalent bond between two atoms is of a
certain length, we are citing an average because the bond
behaves as if it were a vibrating spring connecting the two
atoms
4. For a simple diatomic molecule, this model is easy to visualize:
Interaksi
Untuk
C
H
H
symmetric
H
C
H
scissor
asymmetric
in plane
rock
H
twist
out of plane
H
wag
Jenis vibrasi
Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy
coupled wave
EM oscillating wave
from bond vibration
Jenis-jenis vibrasi
Sym. stretch
Scissoring
Rocking
Antisym. Stretch.
Wagging
Twisting
IR SPEKTRUM
1.
2.
In regions
where no osc.
bond is
interacting with
IR light,
transmittance
nears 100%
Energy/ of oscillation
PEAK INTENSITIES
STRONG (s) peak is tall, transmittance is low ( 0 35%)
MEDIUM (m) peak is mid-height (35 75%)
WEAK (w) peak is short, transmittance is high ( 75 90%)
Faktor-faktor komplikasi
Vibrasi yang disebutkan di atas disebut dengan absorpsi
fundamental (dasar).
Spektrum yang muncul biasanya bersifat kompleks. Hal ini
disebabkan oleh adanya pita-pita overton, gabungan, dan
perbedaan.
Faktor-faktor ini harus dipertimbangkan ketika mempelajari
spektra mis-interpretasi pita.
OVER TONE
Merupakan
Sebagai
Suatu
Page 27
PENJODOHAN VIBRASI
Page 28
Page 29
IKATAN HIDROGEN
Page 30
Daerah frekuensi ulur O-H. (a) O-H yang hanya dalam keadaan
terikat dalam ikatan hidrogen (cairan pekat, neat form). (b) O-H bebas
dan O-H yang terikat dengan ikatan hidrogen (larutan encer). (c)
hanya O-H bebas yang tidak terikat dengan ikatan hidrogen (larutan
sangat encer) (Sumber: Pavia dkk., 2009).
Page 31
Pertanyaannya :
Mengapa frekuensi vibrasi ulur O-H terikat ikatan hidrogen muncul
pada frekuensi lebih rendah daripada frekuensi ulur O-H bebas
Page 32
Asam karboksilat
Page 36
Page 37
PENGARUH ELEKTRONIK
Konjugasi
Mesomeri
Induksi
Page 38
Konjugasi
k menjadi berkurang
Page 39
Mesomeri
Page 40
Induksi
Page 41
PENGARUH MEDAN
Page 42