UNIT-II

Starters and Speed Control of

three Phase Induction Motor

Starters
Stator Side Starters
Primary resistance Starter
Auto-transformer starter
Direct On-Line Starter-Suited for Low
Rated Motors.

Rotor Side Starter

Rotor Resistance Starter

Primary Resistance Starter

Simple but power loss

Auto-transformer starter

Simple and also no power loss, costlier

as compared to Primary Resistance starter

Star/Delta Starter
No separate starter is required
The Stator winding of the motor itself
initially connected in star so that the
applied phase voltage to the motor
get reduced by 1/sqrt(3) times. The
starting current can also be reduced.
After some time, the stator winding is
connected in delta.
The change over of connection from
star to delta can be done using switch.

Star/Delta Starter

DOL Starter

Rotor Resistance Starter

Suitable only for slip ring IM.
Reduces the starting current and
increases the starting torque.
Power Loss

Speed Control
Ns=120f/p
T=KV2
Nr=(1-s)Ns

Speed Control-Types
Stator side speed control
Varying Stator Voltage
Varying number of stator poles
Varying Frequency
Rotor Side Speed Control
Adding resistance to the rotor
Cascade Control
Slip Power Recovery Scheme
Kramer Drive
Scherbius Drive

Stator Voltage Control

Rotor Resistance Controladding R

Rotor Resistance Controladding R

Pole Changing Method

Speed control using two separate
windings on the stator
Speed control using consequent pole
technique
Pole amplitude modulation technique

Pole Changing Method

Speed control using two separate
windings on the stator
Instead of one stator winding, two
independent windings are wound for
different number of poles.
Two windings are insulated from each other
Two different speed can be obtained.
At a time only one winding is used. This
can be done using Switch.

Pole Changing Method

Speed control using consequent pole
technique
Only one stator winding is considered.
This is connected in such a way to
produce different number of poles.

Pole Changing Method-Speed control using

consequent pole technique

Frequency Control
Using Cycloconverter

(V/F) Control
V 4.44 f N
V
4.44 N
f
V

f
Decreasing V, reduce flux; increasing V, Increase flux
Decreasing f, increase flux; increasing f, reduce flux
Flux has to be maintained constant
V and f varied proportionally

(V/F) Control

Cascade Speed Control

Cascade Control
Main Motor-Slip ring
Auxiliary Motor- Squirrel cage or Slip
Ring

Derivation

Derivation

Problem
A 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase induction
motor has rotor of 0.2 ohm per phase
and rotor standstill reactance of 1
ohm per phase. On full load it is
running with a slip of 4%. Calculate
the extra resistance required in the
rotor circuit per phase to reduce the
speed to 1260 r.p.m. on the same
load

Solution

Ns=1500rpm
N1=1440rpm
N2=1260 rpm
S1=0.04
S2=0.16
Rex=0.6 ohm / phase

(Slip Power Recovery

Scheme)

Static Kramer
Drive
Instead of wasting the slip power in the rotor
circuit resistance, a better approach is to convert
it to ac line power and return it back to the line.
Two types of converter provide this approach:
1) Static Kramer Drive - only allows
operation at sub-synchronous speed.
2) Static Scherbius Drive - allows
operation above and below
synchronous speed.

Static Kramer Drive

(contd)
A schematic of the static Kramer drive is
shown below:

Static Scherbius
Drive
The static Scherbius drive overcomes the
forward motoring only limitation of the static
Kramer drive.
Regenerative mode operation requires the slip
power in the rotor to flow in the reverse
direction. This can be achieved by replacing
the diode bridge rectifier with a thyristor
bridge. This is the basic topology change for
the static Scherbius drive from the static
Kramer drive.

Static Scherbius Drive

(contd)

Reducing the initial current

and increasing starting
torque using special
construction of squirrel rotor
Deep bar
Double cage

Deep Bar Rotor

Deep Bar Rotor

Double cage Bar Rotor

Double Cage Rotor

Double cage rotor

Deep Bar Rotor

Crawling
Due to space harmonics, machine
run 1/7th of the synchronous speed.

Cogging
Stator and rotor poles gets locked
with each other.
The motor refuses to start.

Induction Generator
Induction Machine runs with the
speed greater than the synchronous
speed.
Slip becomes negative
Induction machine instead of
delivering mechanical, it delivers
electrical output by receiving
mechanical input.

Complete Torque/slip
characteristics of Induction
machine