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Variation
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Contents
Variation
What is variation?
Causes of variation
Classifying variation
Investigating variation
Variation quiz
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Contents
Variation
What is variation?
Causes of variation
Classifying variation
Investigating variation
Variation quiz
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Mum
son
Dad
daughter
Inherited characteristics
Why do members of the same family look similar?
Mum
son
Dad
daughter
Inherited characteristics
This newborn babys characteristics are passed in
the genes it has inherited from its parents.
Like all babies, this little boy carries a unique set of genes,
half from his mother and half from his father.
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Making faces
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Causes of variation
People are different because they inherit different
characteristics from their parents.
Causes of variation
When he gets older, this baby might support a different
football team (like Fulham) or not even like football.
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Causes of variation
Your unique characteristics are caused by:
- the unique set of genes you have
inherited from your parents
- the environment in which you have
developed.
Differences in some characteristics are
due to a combination of both inherited
and environmental factors.
Name three examples of this type of
characteristic.
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Causes of variation
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Variation in plants
Plants inherit characteristics through their genes just
like humans and other animals.
water
sunlight
temperature
nutrients in soil
Plants are affected by their environment in a big way.
With a little more moisture, light or warmth the size of a
plant can double. (Imagine if that happened to us!)
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Contents
Variation
What is variation?
Causes of variation
Classifying variation
Investigating variation
Variation quiz
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discontinuous variation
A feature that can be measured and given a value from
a range of values shows
.
A feature that cannot be measured but is one of a few
distinct options shows discontinuous variation.
Which type of variation are eye colour and height?
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Continuous or discontinuous?
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Continuous variation
?
What is
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
70
1
80
mass (kg)
Continuous or discontinuous?
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Discontinuous variation
What is discontinuous variation?
Examples of discontinuous
variation include blood group,
natural eye colour and inherited
diseases.
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
A
B
blood group
AB
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Continuous or discontinuous?
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Contents
Variation
What is variation?
Causes of variation
Classifying variation
Investigating variation
Variation quiz
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Gregor Mendel
18221884
Mendels experiments
Mendel was inspired by walking in the monastery garden.
He became curious about variation in plants and how
characteristics were passed on to new generations.
Mendels experiments
Mendel chose to experiment on pea plants for two reasons:
1. They could be easily grown in large numbers.
2. Their reproduction could be controlled.
Mendels experiments
Mendel studied several pea characteristics including:
- pea shape
(smooth or wrinkly)
- pea colour
(yellow or green)
- pod shape
(inflated or constricted)
- pod colour
(yellow or green)
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Mendels results
Mendels investigations into seed shape (smooth or wrinkly)
produced the following results:
parents:
first
generation:
100%
second
generation:
75%
dominant
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cross-pollination
self-pollination
25%
recessive
Boardworks Ltd 2004
Mendels conclusions
Mendel published his work in 1866 and made several
conclusions about inheritance:
Certain traits can be dominant or
recessive. Recessive traits may
not show but can still be passed on.
Certain traits can be inherited in
predictable patterns.
Inherited traits are passed on as
bits of information called factors.
What are these factors now called?
Mendel did not know it but he had predicted the existence of
genes more than 40 years before genes were discovered!
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Father of Genetics
Mendels work on the humble pea laid the foundations for
modern genetics.
Unfortunately, Mendel published
his research in an obscure journal
and the importance of his work
was not recognized during his life.
Scientists rediscovered Mendels
work in 1900, sixteen years after
he died!
Today, Mendel is famously known
as the Father of Genetics.
Why is he given this grand title?
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Contents
Variation
What is variation?
Causes of variation
Classifying variation
Investigating variation
Variation quiz
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