Professional Documents
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POSITION
E X X X X
STRENGTH COATING /
OPERATING
CHARACTERISTICS
Strength- Tensile strength (I.E. 70, or 60) 70,000 psi / 60,000 psi
Position: 1= all positions. 2= flat and horizontal fillet position only
Example: E-7018, E-6010
BASIC WELDING
Common Welding Processes
• GMAW MODES:
• Spray Transfer – Spray transfer occurs with high current
and voltage combinations. Spray transfer mode best
defines the arc and the pool for the welder. Due to high
heat capacity this mode is best suited for flat and
horizontal welding.
• Globular Transfer – Occurs at low currents compared to
spray transfer. Low current at the tip produces large
irregular drops without much direction which results in
increased amounts of spatter compared to spray mode.
BASIC WELDING
Common Welding Processes
• GMAW MODES
• Short Circuiting Transfer (GMAW-S) – The short
circuiting mode is a rather “cold process” and its
misapplication may result in incomplete fusion. It
is mainly used for very light gauge sheet metal
welding. Most refineries and petrochemical plants
do not allow the short circuiting mode of transfer
in their welding specifications to weld on pressure
retaining equipment.
BASIC WELDING
Common Welding Processes
ERXXS-X
ELECTRODE ROD SOLID
WIRE
BASIC WELDING
Common Welding Processes
• Discontinuities
GMAW may result in any of the common
discontinuities with the exception of slag inclusions.
• Welding Chemistry
The tungsten electrode contributes neither
deoxidation nor fluxing, so it is fortunate that the
melting is essentially slow and that most of the
gases can escape from the weld pool before it
freezes. The filler rod contains the needed
deoxidizers. The slow heating and lower
temperatures combined with slower cooling rates
in GTAW will result in improved weld metal and
heat affected zone mechanical properties.
BASIC WELDING
Common Welding Processes
• Limiting Factors
The outstanding factor of GTAW is the
exceptional cleanliness that can be obtained in the
weld, producing crack free welds in alloys that are
difficult to weld in other process. However the
limiting factor is the high skill level necessary to
produce high quality welds is acquired by long
experience in manipulating the electrode and
feeding the filler wire when used.
BASIC WELDING
Common Welding Processes
• Discontinuities
All of the common types of discontinuities are
possible with the exception of slag inclusions.
Porosity is a common discontinuity due to the
processes low tolerance for contamination.
Tungsten inclusions may also result from
accidental touching (dipping ) of tungsten into the
molten weld pool.
WELDING TERMINOLOGY
LISTED BELOW IS SOME COMMON WELDING TERMS:
• AIR ARC(ARC GOUGE) – The process of removing metal by means of a
carbon arc rod (electrode) connected to a welding machine and air
• BACKWELD – The process of completely welding the one side of a
component, and then back grinding or back gouging the other side and
applying a weld from that side
• BACKING WELD – The process of applying a weld pass to the back side
of the weld to provide a backing. And then completely welding out the
opposite side
• BACKING PLATE OR STRAP – The installation of a plate, strip of plate,
usually of the same material as base metal to the back side of the weldment
to aid in welding up large root openings in a weldment
WELDING TERMINOLOGY
• Cap- The finished portion of the weld (last pass)
• Consumable insert – A type of spacer that is installed in
the root spacing of a pipe or plate to keep the specified
root opening and is made of the same material as the base
metal. This insert acts as the filler metal for the root and is
melted (consumed) with the welding process normally
with GTAW.
• Discontinuity – an imperfection in the weld
• Defect – a discontinuity of sufficient size, length, type that
will render that particular object unsuitable for intended
service base on a criteria in an applicable code
WELDING TERMINOLOGY
• Destructive testing- a sampling of the weld that is actually
taken from the weldment and is subjected to a bend,
tension, or other form of test that usually destroys the test
coupon.
• Essential variables- are those which a change, is
considered to affect the mechanical properties of the
weldment and shall require requalification of the WPS
• Filler metal- The consumable electrode that is used in most
welding processes to fill the weld groove
• Flux- The coating on welding electrodes that when
decomposes during welding forming a shielding gas
around the weld.
WELDING TERMINOLOGY
• Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)- The portion of the base metal
that has not been melted, but whose mechanical properties
or microstructure have been altered by the heat of welding
and cutting
• Preheat- the process of applying heat to a weldment before
welding. This process reduces the thermal gradients within
a weldment and slows down the cooling rates, resulting in
a more ductile structure with lower residual stress. Preheat
also aids in removing moisture and helps remove
hydrogen.
WELDING TERMINOLOGY
• Post Weld Heat (PWHT)- also known as stress relieving in carbon
and low alloy steels. The metals temperature is raised to just below
the lower transformation temperature and held for a prescribed time
and allowed to cool at a controlled rate. This process is done to help
eliminate the residual stress in metals and to reduce the hardness of
the weld and adjacent HAZ after welding to back within acceptable
limits, thereby reducing the possibility of cracking
• Porosity- a discontinuity in a weld when gas is trapped in the
solidifying metal which is caused by gas released in the welding
process or gas released from chemical reactions occurring during the
welding process.
• Repair – any rework on a completed weld that requires re-welding to
correct a fault discovered by visual or non-destructive testing and is
beyond the standard limits of acceptability
WELDING TERMINOLOGY
• Root Bead- The first or stringer bead that initially joins
two sections of pipe, plate or fitting
• Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)- a written
procedure (recipe) prepared to provide direction for
making production welds to a code requirement. It is
supported by a PQR (procedure qualification record)
which is a record of actual variables used in the welding of
the test coupon.
• Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) –documentation of
what occurred during welding the test coupon and the test
results of the coupon
JOINT CONFIGURATION
Butt Weld
• 1= Groove Face 3 6
• 2= Root Opening
• 4
3= Groove Angle
• 4= Root Face 5
• 5=Plate thickness
• 6=Bevel Angle 1 2
JOINT CONFIGURATION
• Root Opening – A separation at the joint root between the two
work pieces
• Root Face – The portion of the groove face adjacent to the joint
root
• Groove Face – The surface of a joint member included in the
groove
• Groove Angle – The total included angle of the groove between
the two work places
• Bevel Angle – The angle formed between the prepared edge of
a member and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the
member
• Groove weld size – The joint penetration of a groove weld
• Plate thickness – The thickness of the base metals to be welded
JOINT CONFIGURATION
Parts of a butt weld
Weld Root
JOINT CONFIGURATION
• Parts of a butt weld Weld Metal
Cap
Groove Faces
Base
Metal
Heat Affected
Zone (HAZ)
Root
WELDING SYMBOL
1/8
75 deg
75 deg
1/8 1/8 root
opening
WELDING SYMBOL
• Staggered intermittent fillet weld
3”
(3/8) 3-10
(3/8) 3-10
10”
Double V Groove